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124 Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia
more widely in Ethiopia and other countries to monitor service provision
and reduce corruption.
Summary of Findings
Broadly speaking, Ethiopia has made significant strides in policy development,
financing, governance, and management, resulting in generally low
levels of corruption and perceptions of corruption along the value chain. That
said, the study highlights a number of vulnerable areas, partic ularly at the
lower (procurement and construction) end of the value chain, and stakeholder
perceptions of corruption vary significantly in some instances.
Chapter Structure
The chapter is organized as follows:
• “Corruption in the Water and Sanitation Sector” examines the causes,
costs, and consequences of corruption in the water sector generally,
drawing on recent international studies. The value chain approach to
understanding corruption risk is presented in more detail.
• “Ethiopia’s Water Sector” describes the characteristics of the water sector
in Ethiopia before focusing on the rural drinking-water supply in
particular. Recent sector reforms and financing are discussed, underlining
the importance of providing secure water for highly vulnerable
rural populations.
• “Rural Water Supply Corruption in Ethiopia” presents the study findings
along the value chain of sector functions: (a) policy making and
regulation; (b) planning, budgeting, and transfers; (c) design, tendering,
and procurement; (d) borehole construction and payment; and (e) local
management of completed infrastructure. The section includes an indepth
discussion of the approach and findings of the field surveys.
• “Summary and Recommendations” recaps the key findings and presents
10 recommendations for reducing corruption risks and strengthening
accountabilities at vulnerable points along the value chain.
Corruption in the Water and Sanitation Sector
Three recent documents provide comprehensive analyses and overviews
on the extent of corruption in the water sector:
• Transparency International’s Global Corruption Report 2008: Corruption
in the Water Sector reviews the entire water sector through essays
representing different perspectives (TI 2008).