Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

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Climate change impacts on environmental systems Figure 4.6 Observed change in the distribution of demersal fish in response to the observed rise in sea surface temperature Northern affinity Southern affinity Norway pout Norway redfish Pogge Shorthorn sculpin Long-rough dab Atlantic cod Dab Lemon sole Haddock Ling Saithe Witch Pollack Whiting Thorny skate Anglerfish Blue whiting Flounder Thornback ray Silvery cod Stickleback Hagfish Megrim Poor cod Hake Spur dog Greater weever Fourbeard rockling Plaice Grey gurnard Pouting Dover sole Dragonet Lesser weever Scaldfish Spotted ray Spotted dragonet Red mullet Cuckoo ray Tub gurnard Thickback sole Lesser spotted dogfish Red gurnard Boarfish Red bandfish Solenette John dory Blackbelly rosefish Pearlsides Splendid alfonsino – 0.15 – 0.10 – 0.05 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Abundance response to temperature Note: The changes in abundance in response to observed temperature change are relative changes (unitless). Source: Adapted from Simpson et al., 2011. 118 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report
Climate change impacts on environmental systems 4.1.6 Ocean oxygen content Key messages • Dissolved oxygen in sea water affects the metabolism of species. Therefore, reductions in oxygen content (i.e. hypoxic or anoxic areas) can lead to changes in the distribution of species, including so called 'dead zones'. • Globally, oxygen-depleted areas have expanded very rapidly in recent decades. The number of 'dead zones' has roughly doubled every decade since the 1960s and has increased from about 20 in the 1950s to about 400 in the 2000s. • Oxygen-depleted zones in the Baltic Sea have increased more than 10-fold, from 5 000 to 60 000 km 2 , since 1900, with most of the increase happening after 1950. The Baltic Sea now has the largest dead zone in the world. Oxygen depletion has also been observed in other European seas in recent decades. • The primary cause of oxygen depletion is nutrient input from agricultural fertilisers, causing eutrophication. The effects of eutrophication are exacerbated by climate change, in particular increases in sea temperature and in water-column stratification. Relevance Accelerated nutrient flow into the sea (mostly from agricultural fertilisers) in combination with warming water temperatures can lead to large phytoplankton blooms and subsequent increases in primary production (a process called eutrophication). When these organisms sink to the sea floor, oxygen is utilised in their decomposition. If mixing within the water column cannot supply enough oxygen to the sea floor, this can lead to oxygen reduction (hypoxia) to levels that severely limit biological activity and ultimately to complete oxygen depletion (anoxia). Most organisms, including marine organisms, require oxygen for their metabolism. Therefore, lower oxygen concentrations in seawater affect the physiology, composition and abundance of species. Rising water temperatures will have knock-on effects on a number of different chemical processes in the marine environment. For example, as the temperature rises, oxygen becomes less soluble in water, resulting in lower oxygen concentrations (Keeling et al., 2010); at the same time, the oxygen demand for metabolism increases (Pörtner, 2010). Insufficient oxygen supply to organisms will eventually have knock-on effects on productivity, species interactions and community composition at the ecosystem level. Oxygen depletion can occur episodically (less than once per year), periodically (several times per year for short periods) and seasonally (each summer), and eventually it can become persistent. The Baltic Sea has the largest dead zone in the world, which includes large areas of persistent oxygen depletion. Oxygen-depleted areas are an example of how one type of anthropogenic pressure, nutrient input causing eutrophication, is exacerbated by climate change (here increasing temperature) through multiple different linkages with biology, from cellular levels to community and ecosystem levels. For example, land‐based nutrient enrichment can lead to a redistribution in the vertical distribution of primary production. Such increased nutrient input can increase primary production in the surface layer, where the oxygen produced can be exchanged with the atmosphere. The organic material produced will sink through the pycnocline (i.e. the ocean layer with a stable density gradient, which hinders vertical transport) using oxygen as it decomposes. At the same time, when primary production occurs below the pycnocline, the oxygen produced will stay in the bottom layer. As climate change influences stratification parameters (see Section 4.1.4), and consequently the depth of the pycnocline, it could influence light availability for primary production in the deeper layer, possibly decreasing oxygen production. In this case, the interaction between climate change and eutrophication can have impacts on biodiversity, plankton communities and oxygen conditions (Lyngsgaard et al., 2014). Oxygen depletion may also interact with other anthropogenic stressors in affecting marine ecosystems and fisheries, such as overfishing or the introduction of invasive species (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008). Past trends Dissolved oxygen in marine ecosystems has changed drastically in a very short period compared with other variables of the marine environment. While hypoxic zones occur naturally in some regions, increased nutrient loads from agricultural fertilisers have caused oxygen-depleted areas or even anoxic areas (so‐called 'dead zones') to expand globally since the Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report 119
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EEA Report No 1/2017 Climate change
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo: © J
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Contents 3 Changes in the climate s
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Contents 6 Multi-sectoral vulnerabi
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements R
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Acknowledgements Chapter 6: Multi-s
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Executive summary Executive summary
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Executive summary ES.1 Introduction
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Executive summary EU climate policy
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Executive summary dispersal of inva
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Executive summary Human health The
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Executive summary Table ES.1 Key ob
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Executive summary For 34 out of the
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Executive summary precipitation, th
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Executive summary as a result of cl
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Executive summary thereby deliverin
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Introduction 1.1.2 Content and data
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Introduction 1.1.3 Changes compared
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Introduction Table 1.4 Overview of
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Introduction collaboration between
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Introduction The primary characteri
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Introduction Table 1.7 Data coverag
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Introduction 1.3 Uncertainty in obs
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Introduction • attribution of an
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Introduction Article 4.4 of the UNF
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Policy context 2 Policy context 2.1
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Policy context In addition, the 203
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Policy context EU Adaptation Strate
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Policy context Map 2.1 Overview of
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Policy context Baltic Marine Enviro
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Policy context includes recommendat
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Changes in the climate system Figur
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Abbreviations and acronyms 8 Abbrev
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Abbreviations and acronyms Table 8.
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Abbreviations and acronyms Table 8.
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Abbreviations and acronyms 8.2 Acro
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References References Executive sum
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References EEA, 2004, Impacts of Eu
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References Adaptation to Climate Ch
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References EEA, 2015a, National mon
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References high-resolution climate
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References Fischer, E. M., Sedláč
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References Geophysical Research Let
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References Barletta, V. R., Sørens
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References Discussions 15(14), 20 0
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References Palm, S. P., Strey, S. T
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References L. R., Delgado Granados,
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References Chust, G., Allen, J. I.,
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References antropogent karbon i de
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References face of climate change',
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References Gerritsen, H., 2005, 'Wh
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References Andersen, K. K. and Chri
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References EEA, 2012b, Towards effi
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References Naturwissenschaften Schw
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References Arneth, A., Harrison, S.
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References northern margin of its d
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References Hegland, S. J., Nielsen,
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References weather', Agricultural a
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References 'The new assessment of s
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References Schweiger, O., Settele,
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References 'Warming experiments und
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References Forzieri, G., Bianchi, A
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References Burkart, K., Canário, P
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References Gertler, M., Durr, M., R
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References the environmental condit
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References Semenza, J. C., Sudre, B
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References Brisson, N., Gate, P., G
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References Lesk, C., Rowhani, P. an
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References Vitali, A., Segnalini, M
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References Rübbelke, D. and Vögel
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References Nemry, F. and Demirel, H
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References Pons, M., López-Moreno,
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References indicators of impacts an
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References Roudier, P., Andersson,
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References Global Environmental Cha
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References Chierici, M. and Fransso
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References the Pyrenees from a set
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References change on olive crop eva
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References Steeneveld, G. J., Koopm
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European Environment Agency Climate
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Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

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