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References Thieken, A. H., Kienzler, S., Kreibich, H., Kuhlicke, C., Kunz, M., Mühr, B., Müller, M., Otto, A., Petrow, T., Pisi, S. <strong>and</strong> Schröter, K., <strong>2016</strong>, 'Review of the flood risk management system <strong>in</strong> Germany after the major flood <strong>in</strong> 2013', Ecology <strong>and</strong> Society 21(2), 51 (doi: 10.5751/ES-08547-210251). Touma, D., Ashfaq, M., Nayak, M. A., Kao, S.-C. <strong>and</strong> Diffenbaugh, N. S., 2015, 'A multi-model <strong>and</strong> multi-<strong>in</strong>dex evaluation of drought characteristics <strong>in</strong> the 21st century', Journal of Hydrology 526, 196–207 (doi: 10.1016/j. jhydrol.2014.12.011). UN, 2015a, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, A/RES/69/283, General Assembly, 69th session. UN, 2015b, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 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P. <strong>and</strong> Kabat, P., 2013, 'Global river discharge <strong>and</strong> water temperature under climate <strong>change</strong>', Global Environmental Change 23(2), 450–464 (doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.002). Vormoor, K., Lawrence, D., Schlicht<strong>in</strong>g, L., Wilson, D. <strong>and</strong> Wong, W. K., <strong>2016</strong>, 'Evidence for <strong>change</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the magnitude <strong>and</strong> frequency of observed ra<strong>in</strong>fall vs. snowmelt driven floods <strong>in</strong> Norway', Journal of Hydrology 538, 33–48 (doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.<strong>2016</strong>.03.066). Webb, B. W. <strong>and</strong> Nobilis, F., 1994, 'Water temperature behaviour <strong>in</strong> the River Danube dur<strong>in</strong>g the twentieth century', Hydrobiologia 291(2), 105–113 (doi: 10.1007/ BF00044439). Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Liv<strong>in</strong>gstone, D. M., Meili, M., Jensen, O., Benson, B. <strong>and</strong> Magnuson, J. J., 2011, 'Large geographical differences <strong>in</strong> the sensitivity of ice‐covered lakes <strong>and</strong> rivers <strong>in</strong> the Northern Hemisphere to temperature <strong>change</strong>s', Global Change Biology 17, 268–275 (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02249.x). Whitehead, P. G., Wilby, R. L., Battarbee, R. W., Kernan, M. <strong>and</strong> Wade, A. J., 2009, 'A review of the potential <strong>impacts</strong> of climate <strong>change</strong> on surface water quality', Hydrological Sciences Journal 54, 101–123 (doi: 10.1623/ hysj.54.1.101). Wilhelm, S. <strong>and</strong> Adrian, R., 2008, 'Impact of summer warm<strong>in</strong>g on the thermal characteristics of a polymictic lake <strong>and</strong> consequences for oxygen, nutrients <strong>and</strong> phytoplankton', Freshwater Biology 53, 226–237 (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01887.x). Wong, W. K., Beldr<strong>in</strong>g, S., Engen-Skaugen, T., Haddel<strong>and</strong>, I. <strong>and</strong> Hisdal, H., 2011, '<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> effects on spatiotemporal patterns of hydroclimatological summer droughts <strong>in</strong> Norway', Journal of Hydrometeorology 12(6), 1 205–1 220 (doi: 10.1175/2011JHM1357.1). Section 4.4: Terrestrial ecosystems, soil <strong>and</strong> forests Alkemade, R., Bakkenes, M. <strong>and</strong> Eickhout, B., 2011, 'Towards a general relationship between climate <strong>change</strong> <strong>and</strong> biodiversity: An example for plant species <strong>in</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>', Regional Environmental Change 11, 143–150 (doi: 10.1007/s10113-010-0161-1). Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., Kitzberger, T., Rigl<strong>in</strong>g, A., Breshears, D. D., Hogg, E. H. (Ted), Gonzalez, P., Fensham, R., Zhang, Z., Castro, J., Demidova, N., Lim, J.-H., Allard, G., Runn<strong>in</strong>g, S. W., Semerci, A. et al., 2010, 'A global overview of drought <strong>and</strong> heat-<strong>in</strong>duced tree mortality reveals emerg<strong>in</strong>g climate <strong>change</strong> risks for forests', Forest Ecology <strong>and</strong> Management 259(4), 660–684 (doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001). Allison, S. D. <strong>and</strong> Treseder, K. K., 2011, '<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> feedbacks to microbial decomposition <strong>in</strong> boreal soils', Fungal Ecology 4(6), 362–374 (doi: 10.1016/j. funeco.2011.01.003). Amano, T., Smithers, R. J., Sparks, T. H. <strong>and</strong> Sutherl<strong>and</strong>, W. J., 2010, 'A 250-year <strong>in</strong>dex of first flower<strong>in</strong>g dates <strong>and</strong> its response to temperature <strong>change</strong>s', Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277(1693), 2 451–2 457 (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0291). Araújo, M. B., Alagador, D., Cabeza, M., Nogués-Bravo, D. <strong>and</strong> Thuiller, W., 2011, '<strong>Climate</strong> <strong>change</strong> threatens <strong>Europe</strong>an conservation areas', Ecology Letters 14(5), 484–492 (doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01610.x). Araújo, M. B., Thuiller, W. <strong>and</strong> Pearson, R. G., 2006, '<strong>Climate</strong> warm<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> the decl<strong>in</strong>e of amphibians <strong>and</strong> reptiles <strong>in</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>', Journal of Biogeography 33(10), 1712–1728 (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01482.x). <strong>Climate</strong> <strong>change</strong>, <strong>impacts</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>vulnerability</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>2016</strong> | An <strong>in</strong>dicator-based report 369
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EEA Report No 1/2017 Climate change
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo: © J
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Contents 3 Changes in the climate s
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Contents 6 Multi-sectoral vulnerabi
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements R
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Acknowledgements Chapter 6: Multi-s
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Executive summary Executive summary
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Executive summary ES.1 Introduction
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Executive summary EU climate policy
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Executive summary dispersal of inva
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Executive summary Human health The
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Executive summary Table ES.1 Key ob
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Executive summary For 34 out of the
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Executive summary precipitation, th
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Introduction 1.1.2 Content and data
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Introduction 1.1.3 Changes compared
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Introduction Table 1.4 Overview of
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Introduction collaboration between
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Introduction The primary characteri
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Introduction 1.3 Uncertainty in obs
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Introduction • attribution of an
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Policy context 2 Policy context 2.1
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Policy context In addition, the 203
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Strengthening the knowledge base 7
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- Page 336 and 337: References References Executive sum
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European Environment Agency Climate