Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

Climate change impacts on environmental systems
Table 4.2
Projected impacts of climate change on ecosystem services in Europe by macro-region based
on an IPCC literature review
Provisioning
services
Regulating
services
Cultural
services
Southern Atlantic Continental Alpine Northern
Food production (1) (1) (1) No (1)
(4)
Livestock production No (1)
(1)
Fibre production (1)
(1)
(1)
Bioenergy production (1) (1) (1)
Fish production No (1)
(2)
No (1)
(1)
Timber production (2) (2)
No (3)
(1) No (1)
(1)
(1)
No (2)
(1)
(5)
No (2)
(5)
(6)
No (1)
Non-wood forest products (1) (1)
No (1)
Sum of effects on provisioning services No (1)
(7)
Climate regulation
(carbon
sequestration)
General/forests (3)
(1)
Wetland No (1)
(1)
Soil carbon stocks No (1)
(1)
(2)
No (4)
(2)
(4)
No (1)
No (1)
(1)
No (1)
(2)
(1)
No (2)
(1)
(3)
No (1)
(4)
No (6)
(11)
(4)
No (3)
(1)
(9)
No (3)
(2)
(4)
No (1)
(1)
(1) No (1)
(1)
No (1)
(1)
No (1)
(2)
Pest control (1) (1) (1) (1)
Natural hazard
regulation ( a )
Forest fires/wildfires (1) (1) (2)
Erosion, avalanche,
landslide
(2)
(1)
Flooding (1)
Drought No (1)
(1)
(1)
Water quality regulation (1) (1)
Biodiversity (1)
(8)
Sum of effects on regulating services (4)
No (3)
(14)
Recreation (fishing, nature enjoyment)
(2)
No (1)
(4)
(6)
No (4)
(9)
(1) (1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
No (2)
(9)
(2)
(4)
(9)
No (2)
(11)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(8)
No (2)
(8)
(1)
(2)
Tourism (skiing) (1) (1)
Aesthetic/heritage (landscape character,
cultural landscapes)
Sum of effects on cultural services
(1) (1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
No (1)
(1)
No (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
Note:
= Climate change impacts are decreasing ecosystem services;
No = Neutral effect;
= Climate change impacts are increasing ecosystem services.
(1) = Numbers in brackets refer to the number of studies supporting the change (increasing, decreasing, neutral) in ecosystem services.
( a ) A decline in ecosystem services implies an increased risk of the specified natural hazard.
Entries for biodiversity are those that were found during the literature search for climate change impacts on ecosystem services.
Source: Adapted from Kovats et al., 2014 (Box 23-1).
186 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report