Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

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Climate change impacts on environmental systems mid‐20th century. The number of 'dead zones' globally has increased from about 20 in the 1950s to about 400 in the 2000s (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008). Extensive areas with oxygen depletion or even anoxic areas have been observed for decades in all European seas (Map 4.1) (Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; HELCOM, 2009; UNEP/MAP, 2013; Friedrich et al., 2014; Djakovac et al., 2015; Topcu and Brockmann, 2015). The largest area of human-induced hypoxia in Europe, and in fact globally, is found within the Baltic Sea (including the adjacent seas towards the North Sea). The Baltic Sea is a shallow basin with restricted inlets, meaning that the water has a high residence time, making this water body prone to hypoxia. Hypoxic areas in the Baltic Sea have increased more than 10‐fold, from 5 000 to 60 000 km 2 , since 1900, with most of the increase happening after 1950 (Map 4.2). This expansion is primarily linked to increased inputs of nutrients from the land, but increased respiration from higher temperatures during the last two decades (since the early 1990s) has contributed to worsening oxygen levels (Carstensen et al., 2014; Pyhälä et al., 2014). Oxygen depletion initially affects benthic organisms (i.e. those living on or in the seabed). Benthic organisms carry out important ecosystem functions, such as bioturbation, bioirrigation and sediment nutrient cycling. Benthic organisms also play a crucial role in the marine food web, so reductions in benthic organisms can have large impacts to commercial fisheries. The loss of benthic macrofauna in the Baltic Sea (including adjacent seas) as a result of hypoxia has been estimated at 3 million tonnes or about 30 % of Baltic secondary production (Karlson et al., 2002; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008). Map 4.1 Distribution of oxygen-depleted 'dead zones' in European seas -20° -10° 40° 50° Distribution of locations with observed hypoxia Classification Celtic Sea Greater North Sea (incl. Kattegat and the English Channel) Baltic S Eutrophic Hypoxia (not specified) Hypoxia (episodic) Hypoxia (seasonal) 50° Hypoxia (persistent) Regional seas ay a a Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast Black Sea Adriatic Sea 40° Western editerranean Sea M edite 0 500 1000 1500 km ranean Sea Ionian and the C Mediterrane a tral a A ean Levanti Sea 40° Note: Circles depict scientifically reported accounts of eutrophication-associated 'dead zones'. The area covered by 'dead zones' is not presented, as such information is not generally available. Source: Adapted from Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008. 120 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report
" " " "" """ " " " " "" """ """ """ " "" """ " """" """ """" """ """" """"" """" """"" "" " " """ """ "" """ "" " """"" """"" """ " """" " " """"" "" " """" """" """" """ """ """" "" " " "" """ """ """" """" """" """" """ "" """ """ """"" """" "" "" """" " " "" """" " """ """" """" "" """ """ """ " """" " " """" """ "" " """" " " "" """" """" """ """" """"" " """ """ "" " "" """ """ "" " "" " "" " "" """" " " " " " """ "" """ """" """" "" """" """" """" """" """" """" """"" "" " "" " " """"" """ " " "" """" Climate change impacts on environmental systems Map 4.2 Development of oxygen depletion in the Baltic Sea over time Finland Finland Finland Sweden Estonia Russia Sweden Estonia Russia Sweden Estonia Russia "" " """" " Latvia Latvia Latvia Lithuania Lithuania Lithuania 55° """ " " "" """" """ """"" """ " "" """ " """ """ " "" " "" """ Poland Poland Poland 1906 1955 2012 Development of oxygen depletion in the Baltic Sea over time Estimated bottom concentrations (mg/l) < 2 0 100 km Note: This map shows the observed spatial distribution of bottom hypoxia (red; < 2 mg/l) and anoxia (black; 0 mg/l) in 1906 (left), 1955 (centre) and 2012 (right). The spatial distribution represents means across all months. Source: Adapted from Carstensen et al., 2014. Projections Sea surface temperature is projected to continue to increase in the Baltic Sea and other European seas (see Section 4.1.4). As a result, oxygen-depleted areas will further expand, in particular in the Baltic Sea, unless nutrient intakes are reduced (Caballero-Alfonso et al., 2015). The combined effects of oxygen loss and ocean warming could force polewards movement and vertical contraction of metabolic viable habitats and species distribution ranges during this century (Deutsch et al., 2015). Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report 121
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EEA Report No 1/2017 Climate change
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo: © J
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Contents 3 Changes in the climate s
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Contents 6 Multi-sectoral vulnerabi
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements R
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Acknowledgements Chapter 6: Multi-s
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Executive summary Executive summary
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Executive summary ES.1 Introduction
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Executive summary EU climate policy
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Executive summary dispersal of inva
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Executive summary Human health The
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Executive summary Table ES.1 Key ob
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Executive summary For 34 out of the
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Executive summary precipitation, th
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Executive summary as a result of cl
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Executive summary thereby deliverin
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Introduction 1.1.2 Content and data
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Introduction 1.1.3 Changes compared
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Introduction Table 1.4 Overview of
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Introduction collaboration between
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Introduction The primary characteri
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Introduction Table 1.7 Data coverag
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Introduction 1.3 Uncertainty in obs
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Introduction • attribution of an
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Introduction Article 4.4 of the UNF
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Policy context 2 Policy context 2.1
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Policy context In addition, the 203
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Policy context EU Adaptation Strate
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Policy context Map 2.1 Overview of
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Policy context Baltic Marine Enviro
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Policy context includes recommendat
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Changes in the climate system Figur
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Changes in the climate system asses
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Changes in the climate system Box 3
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Changes in the climate system incre
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Strengthening the knowledge base 7
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Strengthening the knowledge base
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Abbreviations and acronyms 8 Abbrev
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Abbreviations and acronyms Table 8.
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Abbreviations and acronyms Table 8.
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Abbreviations and acronyms 8.2 Acro
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References References Executive sum
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References EEA, 2004, Impacts of Eu
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References Adaptation to Climate Ch
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References EEA, 2015a, National mon
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References high-resolution climate
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References Fischer, E. M., Sedláč
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References Geophysical Research Let
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References Barletta, V. R., Sørens
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References Discussions 15(14), 20 0
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References Palm, S. P., Strey, S. T
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References L. R., Delgado Granados,
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References Chust, G., Allen, J. I.,
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References antropogent karbon i de
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References face of climate change',
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References Gerritsen, H., 2005, 'Wh
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References Andersen, K. K. and Chri
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References EEA, 2012b, Towards effi
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References Naturwissenschaften Schw
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References Arneth, A., Harrison, S.
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References northern margin of its d
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References Hegland, S. J., Nielsen,
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References weather', Agricultural a
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References 'The new assessment of s
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References Schweiger, O., Settele,
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References 'Warming experiments und
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References Forzieri, G., Bianchi, A
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References Burkart, K., Canário, P
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References Gertler, M., Durr, M., R
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References the environmental condit
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References Semenza, J. C., Sudre, B
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References Brisson, N., Gate, P., G
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References Lesk, C., Rowhani, P. an
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References Vitali, A., Segnalini, M
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References Rübbelke, D. and Vögel
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References Nemry, F. and Demirel, H
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References Pons, M., López-Moreno,
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References indicators of impacts an
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References Roudier, P., Andersson,
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References Global Environmental Cha
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References Chierici, M. and Fransso
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References the Pyrenees from a set
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References change on olive crop eva
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References Steeneveld, G. J., Koopm
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European Environment Agency Climate
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Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

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