Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

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Climate change impacts on society Table 5.7 Summary of transport vulnerabilities to extreme weather events (cont.) Extreme weather event Thunderstorms (strong wind gusts, lightning, intense precipitation, hail) Blizzards (strong wind gusts, intense snowfall) Impacts on transport modes Road Rail Water-borne Aviation Reduced visibility and surface friction Obstacles on roads Failures in transport control systems Reduced visibility and surface friction Obstacles on roads Failures in transport control systems Reduced visibility and surface friction Obstacles on tracks Failures in transport control systems Extreme storm events may lead to devastation of port infrastructure and disruption of traffic flows at ports Reduced visibility and runway friction Obstacles on runways Failures in control systems Increased turbulence Safety risks for ground operations Damage to aircraft and equipment Safety regulations (lightning strike may lead to airport closure) Disruption to operations Reduced visibility and runway friction Obstacles on runways Runway maintenance Increased turbulence Safety risks for ground operations Safety regulations (wind threshold may lead to runway closure) Disruption to operations Fog Reduced visibility Reduced visibility Source: Own compilation based on EC, 2013; Doll et al., 2014, Jaroszweski et al., 2014; Temme et al., 2014; Golikov et al., 2014: Siedl and Schweighofer, 2014; Eurocontrol, 2014) and CEDR, 2011. Table 5.8 Most harmful extreme weather phenomena and their threshold values Phenomenon 1st threshold: harmful impacts are possible, 0.33 2nd threshold: harmful impacts are likely, 0.66 3rd threshold: harmful impacts are certain, 0.99 Wind (gust speed) ≥ 17 m/s ≥ 25 m/s ≥ 32 m/s Snowfall ≥ 1 cm/day ≥ 10 cm/day ≥ 20 cm/day Rain ≥ 30 mm/day ≥ 100 mm/day ≥ 150 mm/day Cold (mean temperature of the day) < 0 °C < – 7 °C < – 20 °C Heat (mean temperature of the day) ≥ + 25 °C ≥ + 32 °C ≥ + 43 °C Blizzard A blizzard is considered to occur when the threshold values of wind, snowfall and cold are realised simultaneously Source: Leviäkangas and Saarikivi, 2012. 258 Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report
Climate change impacts on society Map 5.20 Projected changes in the frequency of adverse weather events relevant for transport across Europe -30° -20° -10° 0° 10° 20° 30° Maritime (oceanic) 40° 50° region Alpine (mountainous) 60° region Mediterranean 70° region 60° Temperate Central and Eastern European region Northern European (sub-arctic) region 50° 50° 40° 40° 0 500 1 000 1 500 km 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° Projected changes in the frequency of adverse weather events relevant for transport across Europe Expected mean changes by the 2050s Ranking Phenomena Increasing Decreasing No trend 1st threshold 2nd threshold 3rd threshold Wind Heavy precipitation Heat waves Cold spells Snow Blizzards Source: Adapted from Leviäkangas and Saarikivi, 2012. Reproduced with permission. Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 | An indicator-based report 259
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EEA Report No 1/2017 Climate change
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Cover design: EEA Cover photo: © J
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Contents 3 Changes in the climate s
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Contents 6 Multi-sectoral vulnerabi
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements R
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Acknowledgements Chapter 6: Multi-s
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Executive summary Executive summary
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Executive summary ES.1 Introduction
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Executive summary EU climate policy
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Executive summary dispersal of inva
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Executive summary Human health The
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Executive summary Table ES.1 Key ob
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Executive summary For 34 out of the
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Executive summary precipitation, th
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Executive summary as a result of cl
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Executive summary thereby deliverin
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Introduction 1.1.2 Content and data
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Introduction 1.1.3 Changes compared
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Introduction Table 1.4 Overview of
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Introduction collaboration between
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Introduction The primary characteri
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Introduction Table 1.7 Data coverag
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Introduction 1.3 Uncertainty in obs
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Introduction • attribution of an
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Introduction Article 4.4 of the UNF
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Policy context 2 Policy context 2.1
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Policy context In addition, the 203
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Policy context EU Adaptation Strate
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Policy context Map 2.1 Overview of
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Policy context Baltic Marine Enviro
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Policy context includes recommendat
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Changes in the climate system Figur
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Changes in the climate system asses
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Changes in the climate system Box 3
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Changes in the climate system incre
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Changes in the climate system in Eu
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Changes in the climate system Box 3
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Changes in the climate system Proje
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Changes in the climate system Map 3
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Changes in the climate system 3.2.4
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Changes in the climate system Map 3
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Changes in the climate system 1871-
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Changes in the climate system 3.3 C
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Changes in the climate system the i
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Changes in the climate system Proje
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Climate change impacts on environme
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Climate change impacts on society 5
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Climate change impacts on society 5
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Multi-sectoral vulnerability and ri
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Multi-sectoral vulnerability and ri
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Strengthening the knowledge base 7
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Strengthening the knowledge base nu
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Strengthening the knowledge base Th
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Strengthening the knowledge base Re
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Strengthening the knowledge base
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Abbreviations and acronyms 8 Abbrev
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Abbreviations and acronyms Table 8.
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Abbreviations and acronyms Table 8.
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Abbreviations and acronyms 8.2 Acro
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References References Executive sum
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References EEA, 2004, Impacts of Eu
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References Adaptation to Climate Ch
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References EEA, 2015a, National mon
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References high-resolution climate
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References Fischer, E. M., Sedláč
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References Geophysical Research Let
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References Barletta, V. R., Sørens
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References Discussions 15(14), 20 0
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References Palm, S. P., Strey, S. T
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References L. R., Delgado Granados,
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References Chust, G., Allen, J. I.,
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References antropogent karbon i de
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References face of climate change',
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References Gerritsen, H., 2005, 'Wh
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References Andersen, K. K. and Chri
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References EEA, 2012b, Towards effi
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References Naturwissenschaften Schw
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References Arneth, A., Harrison, S.
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References northern margin of its d
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References Hegland, S. J., Nielsen,
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References weather', Agricultural a
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References 'The new assessment of s
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References Schweiger, O., Settele,
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References 'Warming experiments und
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References Forzieri, G., Bianchi, A
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References Burkart, K., Canário, P
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References Gertler, M., Durr, M., R
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References the environmental condit
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References Semenza, J. C., Sudre, B
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References Brisson, N., Gate, P., G
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References Lesk, C., Rowhani, P. an
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References Vitali, A., Segnalini, M
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References Rübbelke, D. and Vögel
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References Nemry, F. and Demirel, H
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References Pons, M., López-Moreno,
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References indicators of impacts an
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References Roudier, P., Andersson,
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References Global Environmental Cha
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References Chierici, M. and Fransso
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References the Pyrenees from a set
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References change on olive crop eva
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References Steeneveld, G. J., Koopm
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European Environment Agency Climate
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Climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

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