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Since ethics has not yet developed to a science, there is nothing like'the present opinion of science'. However the strong standing ofaltruism in philosophy and religion makes it motivated to seealtruism as a substittlte. The purpose of this paper has been to launchan alternative theory and compare strengths and weaknesses. Thefocus, inherent in previous comparisons has left the third sphere, theethics of integrity somewhat neglected.Tying back to the three issues presented in chapter 1, I conclude thatsome contributions have been made in each issue. The developmentofreciprocal theory motivates questioning Allen Buchanan'sdeclaration "no convincing argument has yet been made for why weshould reject common-sense morality and adopt justice asreciprocity" (1991 p. 119). The empirical effort to check the links. between specific ethical opinions and practical behavior is a minorstep, but in an important direction. Ethics has to develop towardspractical relevance rather than strive for a limited consistency of moreor less circular character. The third issue, the evaluation model, is astep to obtain such a broader effort. Together the different issuessupport each other and indicate a more comprehensive and substantialway of discussing ethics than what is common in the field ofphilosophy. It also indicates advantages for more substantial andgrounded eth.ics in the ethical discourse that has been dominated byidealistic alternatives.9