Dissertation - World Federation of Music Therapy

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at lytte. Det er utrolig vigtigt, – prøve at fange, hjælpe folk med at fange de der ting de kommer med, for hvad er det lige man vil i dag... nogen gange har jeg ikke anet hvad jeg skulle, og så er det igen terapeuten kommer ind: ’Er det det, du har brug for?’ Og så kan man mærke om det er rigtigt eller forkert. [LO runder af.] Jeg kunne da godt tænke mig at høre lidt mere om, hvad du generelt finder ud af. [LO fortæller lidt om hvad han er optaget af: billeddannelsen som en måde at blive klogere på sig selv på.... (taler ret længe om det, mens PIJØ lytter, bl.a. om ”Tommeliden”, eventyrstrukturer og den slags...) -> 68:00] Det er spændende med eventyr og fantasi. Jeg har faktisk skrevet speciale om fantasi på seminariet! En barndomsveninde af mig har haft et liv, som har været vældig godt, uden de store problemer. Hun sagde for nogle år siden, at hun næsten kunne blive misundelig på mig (...) – og det kunne jeg egentlig godt forstå. SLUT 72:20 Appendix 6.4.2b Interview with PIJØ (Translation LOB) The complete interview in Danish is App. 6.4.2a and includes time references. The translation is edited slightly, omitting most repetitions and digressions. [Some of you participants had difficulties with the questionnaires?] I found the questionnaires difficult to work with, even if it looks easy. It depends on how you feel in the situation. And I can never make up my mind! I understand that it is possible to calculate a mean, but anyhow – many questions dont’ cover the issues very well, and this makes them difficult to answer. [All three questionnaires?] I think so. I was often in doubt about my answers. Maybe you can see some meaning or a trend when you look at all of them? [Yes, I think I can se a development. What is your own impression of how the process developed?] My impression is that there was a positive development – even if my state of health changed a lot on the way. I the period between two sessions there could be a lot of change, so if I had answered the questionnaires 3 days before it might have looked differently. “How would you describe your health during the last week?” I was great the first three days, but then…. 462
[The questionnaires indicate that you had hard times on the way, but the final outcome is an increasing curve. Your final scores are more positive than at pre-test. Does that describe your process?] Yes, I think that is true, even if my health went up and down a lot on the way. [The SOC scores are very stable, while the other scores go up and down, and from the beginning you SOC-score is higher than average.] This makes me think that another difficulty is to distinguish between how I ’must’ answer (here-and-now, honestly) and how I ’would like to’ answer (it would be nice, if..)”. I am not always sure how I chose to answer.. [According to the SOC questionnaire you have improved your sense of coherence. Does that cover you experience?] Well, I’m glad to hear that! I think I do experience a development. On the other hand it is rather intangible, I mean, what is it I am scoring? [Something may change in your understanding of how you feel. Have you come to terms with some of your problems? Have you been given some tools?] I think I have. But it comes like in waves. The feeling of disempowerment can be overwhelming, it is almost like drowning. At a certain time point during the process I was almost drowning in some of the radiation damages, and I couldn’t find a way of handling them. But when I got a new problem with other radiation damages after termination of therapy I found myself able to handle them much better. This is a picture of how I took something with me and used it in a different situation. [Can you give other examples?] The feeling of giving up, that you don’t care any more... is changed to a feeling of not drowning so much, when things are difficult. [’Drowning’ seems a good metaphor to me. And there was a lot of water in your imagery. There was a certain lake?] I remember after the last session, where I had been ’reaching high’, that I went for a walk. I walked energetically and climbed the highest hills I could find. In that way I ’rehearsed’ the image, the feeling of ’being on top’ or ’at your peak’. But also the feeling of going down to the bottom [of the barrel. This is a reference to a specific image]. It was very much up and down. I succeded in finding ways to get up again. At a certain time I had problems with my boyfriend, we were almost drowning in this and that, but we found the strength to say: ’We don’t want it to work at any price. It has to be a steady way.’ We shall not stay together because I am afraid of being alone. Addressing the problem explicitly made it end in a better way. This is also a way to find inner strength: I dare risk something, even if I am extremely vulnerable. I found courage to do that [and it gave results?] Yes. 463
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THE BONNY METHOD OF GUIDED IMAGERY
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Ph.D. student’ with me the last t
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vi 4. METHODOLOGY..................
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viii
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TABLE 8. 4 EVENT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS
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xii
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xiv
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xvi
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As you will see there are many comm
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The participants in this study use
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Music in medicine The terminology o
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Music in medicine vs. Music therapy
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more likely a reaction to a cancer
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melanoma Boesen (2002) reviewed the
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test showed that there was less ten
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More general overviews of how music
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Table 2. 1 Literature on BMGIM and
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Populations include non-clinical/he
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McKinney 1990 University students M
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Table 2.2 shows that most of the st
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Facilitating peak experience Provin
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express and work on their experienc
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2) locus of control (inner mastery
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in contrast to Burns’ study, the
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In Denmark two music therapists hav
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3 Theoretical background 3.1 Introd
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metaphor influenced each other in o
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is closely related to the body and
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structures or patterns that “allo
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explaining a phenomenon with other
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Ricoeur agrees with Ernst Cassirer
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“It appears as though certain fun
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daily life myths and fairy tales ma
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extent that it is organized after t
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Table 3. 4 Three moments of mimesis
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Thus, symbols and metaphors are the
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4. Psychotherapy as humane care - r
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I suggest the following working def
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The scale of Klein et al. was not u
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In a psychological perspective meta
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3.5 Narratives in psychotherapy In
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second category (analogous to ‘in
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“There currently exist no consens
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Table 3. 7 Mimesis 1-3 in narrative
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3.6.1 Music as analogy A paper by D
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Smeijsters has coined the double co
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Table 3. 8 Musical elements interpr
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function through its pre-existent s
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end, motion and rest, tension and r
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Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive th
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crying, or symbolized as falling ch
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our analyses. For it is only by ope
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Based on his study Jungaberle formu
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and ending on dominant a - a new ro
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cross is inevitable, and the music
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is the instrumental Ground from Blo
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therapists. Open and attentive list
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closely related to basic human self
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less elegant dance. My dance is a b
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describes him or herself as ‘feel
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asket and then lie down, tell about
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Holocaust Shadow (Schulberg 1999),
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Craftsmen are working The foundatio
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series of actions and transformatio
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References to examples in the BMGIM
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“Sublime music tells in its own w
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4. Methodology Following on from ch
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trained in Aalborg is still indigen
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3) The study has its starting point
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material or intentional phenomenon,
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can also be applied in multiple met
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Table 4. 1 Basic information on the
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• The preliminary conversation (a
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One week before project start all p
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Participants score each item on a 4
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c) Audio recordings (mini-disc) of
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• Specification (1. Sensitizing c
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The imagery of the six participants
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5. Results of the quantitative inve
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The mean score of the group in depr
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Table 5. 2 Effect sizes measured at
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Figure 5. 5 QLQ-C30: Mean scores of
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These results are variable, and onl
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Statistical analysis of QLQ-C30 res
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Figure 5. 9 SOC Mean scores from th
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Figure 5. 11 SOC: Pre-test, post-te
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Results - inferential statistics an
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The results support hypothesis ten.
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generalised further, was evidently
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6. Results from the qualitative inv
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Potential of GIM in other phases of
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coding, where the categories are in
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PIJØ: It has been very hard for me
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how should it be, should there be m
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changing. Participants described ho
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IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF SELF (NEW
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elated subcategories. Using specifi
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D. In a few sessions the therapists
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B1 Metaphorical investigations of t
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imaging. This becomes even clearer
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odily or meditative states. In cont
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7. Two case studies. A mimetic anal
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The two cases will be presented sep
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In fig. 7.1 the therapist has given
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the healing process and was a contr
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say: ’We don’t want it to work
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Level 3 Configuration is the core o
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Trials and Tasks Observes a grey ar
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pre-test level at follow-up, while
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She knew that her own scores had no
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In fig. 7.3 the therapist has given
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eflections on the predominance of e
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and I might as well accept it. Roge
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childish, playful.” From an initi
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solution through a message, and in
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Figure 7. 4 INLAs QLQ-C30 scores, i
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• the courage to confront dangers
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e observed, also in this axis, that
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’story line’ and writes a story
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Table 7. 7 A grounded theory model
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episodes dominated by (inner) body
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8. Analysis of music and imagery Th
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8.1.1 Qualitative music research In
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This means that: Description is nev
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methods intended for analysis of (p
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following preparations: 1. Informat
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An Eclectic Approach to the analysi
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was used to investigate potential c
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Figure 8. 2 The dynamic profile of
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there was dialogue between solo ins
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were used partially (in 35 sessions
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Following the guidelines of HMA the
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Figure 8. 4 Intensity Profile of Br
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Figure 8. 5 The digitized waveform
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for assessment. In this project the
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score it is possible to see exactly
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B2 (46-51) V/E Ot B3 (52-55) E Ot V
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C2 (91-100) R R V/S V/E C3 (100-106
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The analysis of the unfolding image
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she only reports verbally that she
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• The complete narrative, based o
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an experience further before finish
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Figure 8. 6 Intensity profile - Bac
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This profile - or map of the’ inn
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Table 8. 4 Event structure analysis
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A5+t (14-16) B1+t (17-21) R S S R V
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B5 (37-39) B6 (39-41) answered tona
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V and irritated, not R wanting to s
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ANHO: The client still has difficul
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For the five of the six participant
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• Analysis of the image potential
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Text and music with accompaniment w
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section of music that visually illu
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intensity increasing feature is the
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A1 (1-10) R/V E S/E B1 (11-21) R/V
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B1 Mein Jesu A1 (1-6) V R E R S V A
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B B3 (after music) E E S side? (tea
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Jesu evoked images related to death
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String Quartet as the most challeng
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Figure 8. 12 Distribution of the th
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Table 8. 7 A grounded theory model
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the imagery: the client reacts with
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9. Discussion “..Where the mind i
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possible to show a decrease in both
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9.1.3 The role of music and imagery
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specific therapeutic influence in t
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or measurable influence on the part
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As these findings are not consisten
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adiotherapy treatment. These commen
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this study (the only exception bein
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and why they are comprehensible and
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was that core images did emerge and
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actually no alternative to “will
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9.2.3.3 The proposed grounded theor
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This leads to the critical question
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The proposed grounded theories cove
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eautiful room with candles, flowers
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eventual climaxes and peak points c
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The three categories illustrated in
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scores are influenced by my negativ
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9.4 The development of new theoreti
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9.4.2 Heuristic music analysis as c
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client’s playing in improvisation
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Anxiety and anger are very importan
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Bonny found that the musical elemen
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support and explain how BMGIM can b
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9.6 Directions for future research
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comparative analysis including a nu
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music listening has been substantia
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What elements are there that descri
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1) Can ten BMGIM sessions improve t
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After every session questionnaires
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The analyses of metaphors and image
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not be sufficient to saturate a sub
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hvordan BMGIM kan have en positiv v
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individuelle BMGIM-sessioner, som r
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C30-scores viste stigninger i genne
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• Heuristisk Musikanalyse (Brusci
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som velegnet til psykosociale under
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REFERENCES (2002). Appendix B: Musi
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Ansdell, G. (2001). Musicology: mis
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Bonde, L. O. (2002). Introduction t
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Bonny, H. L. and L. K. Marids (2001
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Clark, M. (1998). The Bonny Method
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Ferguson, D. N. (1960). Music as Me
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Hilliard, R. E. (2002). The effects
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Keiser, L. H. (1986). Conscious Lis
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Mahns, W. (1998). Symbolbildungen i
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Munro, S. (1993). "Music therapy in
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Robbins, C. and C. Robbins (1991).
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Short, A. E. (1997). "Jungian arche
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Tüpker, R. (1988). Ich singe was i
Page 427 and 428: Zachariae, B. (1997). "Forestilling
Page 429 and 430: LIST OF APPENDICES LIST OF APPENDIC
Page 431 and 432: Appendix 4.1 Data on six participan
Page 433 and 434: ESMA: 65 years old, married, three
Page 435 and 436: Appendix 4.2 Patientinformation (in
Page 437 and 438: Appendix 4.3 The HADS questionnaire
Page 439 and 440: Spørgs - mål nr. Vælg ét svar f
Page 441 and 442: Appendix 4.4 The EORTC QLQ-C30 ques
Page 443 and 444: 427
Page 445 and 446: Fig. 5.14 ESMAs QLQ profile 120 100
Page 447 and 448: Fig. 5.18 WIFUs QLQ profile 120 100
Page 449 and 450: Appendix 6.2 Illustration of the de
Page 451 and 452: 435
Page 453 and 454: henføre dem entydigt til noget som
Page 455 and 456: Ja. Hvert eneste gang har det være
Page 457 and 458: Det er meget rigtigt. Jeg har jo ik
Page 459 and 460: omgangshøjde endnu. Det er 2-3 år
Page 461 and 462: Ham ville jeg godt hilsen velkommen
Page 463 and 464: them out. Questionnaires like these
Page 465 and 466: it is the music! No, it is not only
Page 467 and 468: Maybe it influences me so strongly
Page 469 and 470: the music should be different. (…
Page 471 and 472: [Are there other images that you…
Page 473 and 474: Ja det tror jeg. Hvor er det lige j
Page 475 and 476: drømme jo også - de kommer også
Page 477: De hører fuldt ud sammen. Hvis man
Page 481 and 482: guess it has been working in the su
Page 483 and 484: them, many stairs and things like t
Page 485 and 486: Appendix 6.4.3 Interview med ESMA 9
Page 487 and 488: været mere eller mindre på afstan
Page 489 and 490: skørt, for det er virkelig svært
Page 491 and 492: den der kæmpeindsats, som jeg har
Page 493 and 494: emærker at de er der - de skal bek
Page 495 and 496: jeg ville nødig undvære musikken
Page 497 and 498: [Folkene bag spørgeskemaerne hævd
Page 499 and 500: Nej desværre ikke. Altså sådan m
Page 501 and 502: Nej ikke nødtvungent! ... Men det
Page 503 and 504: Ja, og jeg føler, at jeg ’fylder
Page 505 and 506: Der er lissom om jeg er på den and
Page 507 and 508: meget, og også at give fred; men o
Page 509 and 510: sådan det er. (Jeg sider og prøve
Page 511 and 512: [Men hver anden uge er meget passen
Page 513 and 514: andet sted at jeg har haft meget ti
Page 515 and 516: f.eks. ’Du er blevet meget mere a
Page 517 and 518: Og så får jeg lyst til at lave no
Page 519 and 520: der har arbejdet med de her ting? H
Page 521 and 522: Berlioz: 4 X PIJØ: #3,2 7 1 L’en
Page 523 and 524: Marcello: Oboe Concertor, 2nd movem
Page 525 and 526: WIFU #2 1 ANHO #1 1 4 NURTURING 2-5
Page 527 and 528: Appendix 8.2.1a. Session notes PIJ
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#5 9.12. Disc OK Bekymring for frem
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#7 14.1 Disc: kun de første 10’
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egge to. Ah! Ingen kamp, så. Sving
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#3 13.11, Disc OK #4 26/11 Disc OK
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#6 3.1.03 Disc OK #7 14.1 Has felt
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#9 20.02. Disc OK #10 5.3. Disc OK
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Appendix 8.2.2a Session notes INLA
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#5 3.1.03 Disc OK #6 15.1. Disc OK
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#8 24.02. Disc OK #9 17.03 Til US b
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Appendix 8.2.2b Session notes INLA
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#5 3.1.03 Disc OK #6 15.1. Review o
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#8 24.02. Disc OK Control examinati
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FOCUS: Finding a way out... a door.
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#3 13.11. Disc OK #4 21.11 Disc: ku
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#7 19.12. Dis OK #8 30.1. Ingen opt
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Appendix 8.2.4 Session notes ANHO (
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Disc OK #6 7.1.03 Ingen optagels e
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# 10 31.03 Disc OK hul igennem. For
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OK #4 3.12 Disc OK #5 19.12. Disc O
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Disc OK #10 17.03. Disc OK Andre ha
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#3 19.11 Disc OK #4 28.11. Disc OK
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Disc OK #9 11.3. Disc OK Lang snak
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557
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Appendix 7.4 MINI-WORKSHOP - RESEAR
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Appendix 8.5 Brahms Score + Imagery
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• The movement is basically suppo
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Appendix 8.7 Bach: Komm süsser Tod
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Appendix 8.9 Analysis of selected m
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Element Brahms: Violin concerto - s
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Page 591 and 592:
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Appendix 9.1 Types of clinical rele
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Appendix 9.2 Grocke’s Categories
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2. The relevance of the listening s
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directing the will” (p. 5). A who
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Reviewing the sub-questions, the wo
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Works Vol. IV, p. 7. The so-called
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ased on communication theory or cul
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In this study, I have used the thir
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24. The framework for the qualitati
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English translation of the intervie
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Dissertation - World Federation of Music Therapy

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