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toluene
toluene Flammable liquid used as solvent and thinner;
also called methyl benzene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 ) or toluol.
TOM Target object map.
Tom Abbreviated form of TSOM, test-set, overall,
missile (RAF).
tombstone technology Advances triggered by fatal
accidents.
tome X-ray slice through running engine or other
subject. Generated by neutrons, gamma rays or other
radiation [today usually PET (2)].
tomodromic Heading to intersect a particular line, eg
trajectory of another aircraft.
tomogram Array of tomes scanned in sequence to
provide 3-D picture.
TOMS Total ozone mapping spectrometer.
ton 1 Standard SI-related unit is tonne (t), = 1,000 kg =
1 Mg = 0.984207 long ton = 1.1023 US or short * =
2,204.6236 lb. In Americas 2,000 lb, commonly called
short * (not abb.), = 907.18474 kg. In UK and
Commonwealth 2,240 lb, commonly called long * (not
abb.), = 1,016.0469088 kg = 1.12 short *. In aerospace
much confusion exists because of these three values,
especially 12% difference between short and long * in
aircraft payloads, airline traffic (usually short *), airfield
pavements (mainly metric) and many other areas. When
used incorrectly as a force [tonf] UK ton = 9.96402 kN,
US ton = 8.89644 kN.
2 In air-conditioning and refrigeration, rate of removal
of heat sufficient to freeze 1 short * of ice each 24 h =
3,140.05 W (if long * is basis, 3,516.85 W).
tonal balance Can refer to audio frequencies (balance
across pitches of sounds as heard by listener) or to
white/grey/black or colour tones in radar or other electronic
display.
tone 1 Sound of one pitch containing no harmonics,
usually synonymous with mono-*.
2 Specifically, in AAM launch, aural note which
changes to singing or growling after IR lock-on.
tone localizer Localizer whose L/R indications are
received as contrasting tones heard on each side of glideslope
centreline.
tonf Ton force, non-SI unit of force, = 9,964.02 N.
Tonka See R-Stoff.
ton-mile Unit of aircraft work; assuming long ton and
statute mile = 1.5838 tonne-km (reciprocal 0.6314); * per
Imp. gal = 0.3484 tonne-km/litre (reciprocal 2.8703).
tonne Metric ton, 10 3 kg = 0.98433 long tons = 1.10231
US tons.
TO N1 Takeoff engine fan speed.
TOO Target of opportunity.
tool Though obviously normal meaning applies in aerospace,
an added meaning is extension to include any
device or construction facilitating manufacture or
assembly, even when it plays no part in shaping
workpiece. Examples include assembly structures of
species in most cases preferably called jigs (more explicit),
as well as temporary fixtures, struts and props, inflatable
bags, rubber press-* and dies of all kinds, and devices for
holding or locating during tests or other operations.
tool bit Small cutting tool, usually from square steel bar
with super-hard added tip, fixed in place on machine tool;
not used for drills and millers.
tool design Design of tools for particular programme,
esp. design of all required jigs, fixtures, templates, gauges
top overhaul
and special-purpose tools, eg for checking dimensions and
alignment of large parts.
tooling See Tool.
toolmaker Skilled person, usually previously machinist,
responsible for making many special-purpose in-plant
tools (both jigs/fixtures and cutting tools) and in particular
for setting up machines for semi-skilled operatives
and minders, today often versed in NC.
toolroom Originally room where cutting tool bits were
kept, today clean (often in strict sense) environment for
super-accurate measures, gauges and manufacturing
operations calling for abnormal standards of accuracy.
tool steel High-carbon steels retaining extreme hardness
at elevated temperatures (note: bits are now usually
carbides, cermet or other materials).
TOP 1 Total obscuring power; basic measure of chaff
or aerosol, in US expressed in non-SI units sq ft/lb (crosssection
of sky per unit mass dispensed), for 80%
opaqueness to hostile radar or other sensor.
2 Tube à ondes progressives = TWT (F).
3 Technical and office protocol, similar to CNMA and
MAP 6 (US).
4 Takeoff power.
5 Top of cloud(s).
Topcap Total objective plan for career airmen personnel
(USAF).
top chord Main transverse (end-to-end) upper member
of truss.
top cover Defending friendly fighters watching over
bomber or attack aircraft from higher level, esp. while
over hostile territory.
top dead centre Instantaneous position of piston engine
or reciprocating-pump crankpin in which centreline of
crankshaft, crankpin and cylinder are all in line with
piston at extreme top of stroke; hence also corresponding
position of piston.
top-down requirements capture See requirements capture.
top dressing Application of ag-chemical to land or
growing crops from above; normally method of applying
fertilizers rather than insecticides, for which technique
may be to coat undersides of leaves also.
top-hat Family of standard structural sections based on
five straight surfaces, each at 90° to neighbour(s);
resemble top hat in shape.
Topkat Tele-operated precision kill and targeting.
top loading Increasing apparent (effective) height of
radiating aerial by adding metal plate, mesh or radial
wires at extremity.
top lock Fitted in top edge of outward-opening door
[hinged on sensibly-vertical axis] which is curved round to
form top of cabin.
TOPM Takeoff performance monitor; S adds system.
topocentric Referred to observer’s position; measures,
usually linear distance or az/el, based on observer’s
position as origin.
topographic Representing physical features of Earth’s
surface, both natural and man-made; hence * display, *
map. DoD definition of * map: one which presents
vertical position of features in measurable form as well as
horizontal. Normally, essential feature is use of contour
lines, as well as normal positional information.
top overhaul Overhaul of piston-engine cylinders (valve
grinding, ring replacement, decarbonization etc) without
opening crankcase.
707