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torque stand
torque stand Test stand for engines, esp. aircraft piston
engines.
torque tube Tubular member designed to withstand
torque, either one applied inevitably and to be resisted or
one to be transmitted as part of drive system (eg in
primary flight controls).
torque wrench Hand tool with dial or other direct
readout of torque imparted, usually set to slip if overloaded.
torquing Input to gyro from torquer for slaving,
capturing, slewing, cageing etc.
torr Non-SI unit of high-vacuum pressure, = 133.322
N/m 2 = 0.0193368 lbf/in 2 . Originally (and still very nearly)
1 mm Hg.
torsion Deflection, usually within elastic range, caused
by twisting, ie applied torque (note: * is result, not an
applied stress).
torsional divergence Potentially lethal design fault in
which wing’s aerodynamic centre is ahead of shear centre
or elastic axis, lurking unsuspected until a critical IAS is
exceeded.
torsional instability Characteristic of structural member
such that, when loaded in compression or bending, it will
twist before reaching ultimate compressive stress.
torsional load One imparting turning moment or torque.
torsional stress Stress resulting from applied torque; for
torque tube S s = Tc/J where T is torque, c is radius and J
polar moment of inertia.
torsion balance Instrument containing light horizontal
rod suspended by fine fibre for measuring weak forces, eg
gravitation, radiation.
torsion-bar tab See spring tab.
torsion box Main structural basis of wing, comprising
front and rear spars joined by strong upper and lower
skins; also called wing box, inter-spar box.
torso harness Normal seat harness of military pilot
restraining torso over full length.
Tort Tactical operational-readiness trainer.
TOS 1 Transfer orbit stage (eg Shuttle to geosynchronous).
2 Time on station.
3 Traffic orientation scheme.
4 Tactical operations system.
5 Tiros operational satellite[s].
TOSA Takeoff space available.
TOSS Television optical scoring system.
toss bombing Method of attack on surface target with
free-fall bomb, esp. NW, in which aircraft flies toward
target, pulls up in vertical plane and releases bomb at
angle that compensates for effect of gravity drop; similar
to loft-bombing and unrestricted as to altitude but
normally entered from lo. Two main varieties: forward **,
in which bomb is released at angle short of 90° (usually
about 70°), after which aircraft continues with
Immelmann-type manoeuvre; and over-the-shoulder **,
in which aircraft overflies target and releases at angle
beyond 90°.
TOT 1 Time on (or over) target.
2 Turbine outlet, or operating, temperature.
3 Time-oriented task.
4 Total.
5 Transfer of title, on delivery of aircraft.
6 Takeoff time.
t ot Time on target (radar).
total temperature
total Noun or adjective, damaged far beyond economic
repair.
total air temperature Temperature of air brought to rest
including rise due to compressibility.
total blade-width ratio Ratio of propeller diameter to
product of number of blades and maximum blade chord;
also known as total propeller-width ratio.
total conductivity Sum of electrical conductivities of all
free ions, positive and negative, in given volume of atmosphere.
total curvature Change in direction of ray between
object and observer.
total drag Component of total aerodynamic force on
unducted body parallel to free-stream direction = induced
plus profile = pressure plus surface friction.
total-energy equation Expression for sum of pressure,
kinetic and potential energies of given volume of atmosphere
as result of combining mechanical energy equation
with thermodynamic.
total engagement training Involving actual or simulated
firing of weapons.
total equivalent horsepower See equivalent horsepower.
total head See total pressure.
total impulse Basic measure of quantity of energy
imparted to vehicle by rocket, = integral of thrust versus
time over total operating time, abb. I t , expressed in Ns,
kNs or (US) lbf-s.
totalizer Indicator showing quantity of variable (fuel,
ammunition etc) that has passed sensing point (see
detotalising).
totalled Damaged beyond repair.
total lift Component along lift axis of resultant force on
aircraft.
total-loss lubrication System in which oil is supplied,
usually under cartridge or other stored gas pressure, and
finally dumped overboard; common in target or cruisemissile
propulsion.
total noise rating See noise.
total obligational authority Money for 5-year defence
programme or any portion for a given FY (DoD).
total operating time Time between ignition of solidpropellant
rocket motor and time when thrust decays to
zero; this is usually at least 15% longer than burn time and
10% longer than action time.
total-package procurement Award of one very large
prime contract for entire operative system from conceptual
stage through R&D to engineering design, test
and production.
total pressure Pressure that would be reached in fluid
moving past body if its relative velocity were to be
brought to zero adiabatically and isentropically. For low
speeds taken as p + ½ ρV 2 and at high Mach numbers as
p(1+[γ – 1] M 2 /2) γ /γ -1 . Also called total head or stagnation
pressure, and usually same as pitot pressure,
impact pressure.
total-pressure head See pitot head.
total propeller width ratio See total blade-width ratio.
total refraction Curvature of radiation out of layer or
medium.
total system Entire system supplied to virgin site,
including accommodation, civil engineering, power
supply, refuse disposal etc, as turnkey contract.
total temperature Temperature of particle of fluid at
stagnation point or otherwise brought to rest adiabati-
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