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A Handbook for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Enhancing academic and Practice

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146 ❘<br />

<strong>Teach<strong>in</strong>g</strong>, supervis<strong>in</strong>g, learn<strong>in</strong>g<br />

healthy scepticism <strong>in</strong> some of the ‘holy cows’ that sometimes go unchallenged. Much of<br />

the research evidence <strong>in</strong> this chapter has come from the author’s own subject discipl<strong>in</strong>e<br />

of psychology, but readers are encouraged to check the applicability of these f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs by<br />

consult<strong>in</strong>g pedagogical research <strong>in</strong> their own discipl<strong>in</strong>es <strong>and</strong> contexts. Many of the HEA<br />

subject centre networks publish their own journals which would be a good start<strong>in</strong>g po<strong>in</strong>t,<br />

as are many of the chapters <strong>in</strong> Part 2 of this book. In this chapter, the reader has also been<br />

encouraged to look at their own beliefs about assessment. In consider<strong>in</strong>g assessment<br />

design, the place of learn<strong>in</strong>g outcomes, assessment methods <strong>and</strong> constructive alignment<br />

has been exam<strong>in</strong>ed as a way of th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g strategically about what <strong>and</strong> how we want our<br />

students to learn (conceptual change, student focused, or <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation transmission,<br />

teacher focused?). Feedback, <strong>in</strong> particular, has been given close attention, s<strong>in</strong>ce this is key<br />

to help<strong>in</strong>g students learn, yet so often we do not do it as well as we might. In terms of<br />

pedagogical impact, this is quite possibly the area where <strong>in</strong>dividual lecturers can have<br />

the greatest effect.<br />

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Biggs, J (1996) Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g teach<strong>in</strong>g through constructive alignment, <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong>,<br />

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Biggs, J B (2003) <strong>Teach<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>for</strong> Quality <strong>Learn<strong>in</strong>g</strong> at University (2nd edn), Buck<strong>in</strong>gham: Society <strong>for</strong><br />

Research <strong>in</strong>to <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Open University Press.<br />

Birenbaum, M, Breuer, K, Cascallar, E, Dochy, F, Ridgway, J, Dori, J <strong>and</strong> Wiesemes, R (2005)<br />

‘A learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tegrated assessment system’, <strong>in</strong> R. Wiesemes <strong>and</strong> G Nickmans (eds) EARLI<br />

(European Association <strong>for</strong> Research on <strong>Learn<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>and</strong> Instruction) series of position papers.<br />

Brockbank, A <strong>and</strong> McGill, I (1998) Facilitat<strong>in</strong>g Reflective <strong>Learn<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong>,<br />

Buck<strong>in</strong>gham: Society <strong>for</strong> Research <strong>in</strong>to <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong> <strong>and</strong> the Open University Press.<br />

Brown, G, Bull, J <strong>and</strong> Pendlebury, M (1997) Assess<strong>in</strong>g Student <strong>Learn<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong>,<br />

London: Routledge.<br />

Bull, J <strong>and</strong> McKenna, C (2004) Bluepr<strong>in</strong>t <strong>for</strong> Computer-assisted Assessment, London:<br />

RoutledgeFalmer.<br />

Campbell, A <strong>and</strong> Norton, L (eds) (2007) <strong>Learn<strong>in</strong>g</strong>, <strong>Teach<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>and</strong> Assess<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong>:<br />

Develop<strong>in</strong>g Reflective <strong>Practice</strong>, Exeter: <strong>Learn<strong>in</strong>g</strong>matters.<br />

Cann<strong>in</strong>gs, R, Hawthorne, K, Hood, K <strong>and</strong> Houston, H (2005) Putt<strong>in</strong>g double mark<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />

test: a framework to assess if it is worth the trouble, Medical <strong>Education</strong>, 39(3): 299–308.<br />

Ecclestone, K (2001) I know a 2:1 when I see it: underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g criteria <strong>for</strong> degree classifications<br />

<strong>in</strong> franchised university programmes, Journal of Further <strong>and</strong> <strong>Higher</strong> <strong>Education</strong>, 25(3):<br />

301–313.<br />

Ell<strong>in</strong>gton, H <strong>and</strong> Earl, S (1997) Assess<strong>in</strong>g laboratory, studio, project <strong>and</strong> field work. A guide<br />

prepared <strong>for</strong> <strong>and</strong> hosted on the GCU <strong>in</strong>tranet by Glasgow Caledonian University with the<br />

permission of The Robert Gordon University. Available onl<strong>in</strong>e at http://apu.<br />

gcal.ac.uk/ciced/Ch27.html (accessed 25 August 2007).<br />

Entwistle, N (1998) ‘Approaches to learn<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>for</strong>ms of underst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g’, <strong>in</strong> B B Dart <strong>and</strong>

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