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The USA, India, UAE, Malaysia, South Korea, UK, France have been mentioned before that
have taken a lead in biometric implementation. USA, UAE and UK are early adopters and
leading examples of biometric implementations for Border Security. Entry of visitors to these
countries is mandated by fingerprints to be collected at the time of granting of approval to
visit the country (Visa Issuance). Fingerprints are verified at the time of actual entry and if found
matching, entry is granted.
2.1 Emerging roles of governments
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Figure 5: Global biometric adoption
The globalisation and the rapid pace of development in information and communication
technologies are redefining the nature of governments and their relationship with citizens
(Guthrie, 2003). With such developments, public services are challenged to re-invent the
government in the digital economy.
This necessitates re-thinking the way governments have been dealing with citizens and business,
re-engineering their work processes and as well as enabling greater cross-agency collaboration
to deliver services in a way which the public appreciates (ibid). As such, identity management
is a critical success factor to enable such transformation. Robust identity management
infrastructure is envisaged to enable digital economy, with identification and authentication
systems that people can live with, trust and use (Stevens et al., 2010). There is accumulating
evidence that governments are sources of powerful forces influencing the development of
new industries (Ke and Wang, 2008). Yet, governments, as a valid and powerful context have
the potential to influence the digital economy creation (ibid). Existing literature argue that
there is enough indication that due to network externality effects, governments need to take
an active role in stimulating an e-environment to jump-start the move toward a higher level of
e-readiness.