Johnson 2004 - CDLI - UCLA

translated by Akkadian D-stem verbs are generally transitive, whereas those translated by
Akkadian Gtn-stem verb are generally intransitive (Yoshikawa 1979, 119 [1993, 308]).
The D-stem reduplications (subsuming the several semantically-defined types
proposed by Yoshikawa) are best thought of as transitive and resultative, referring to the
resulting state of the direct object: they correspond in a number of ways to the English
resultative noted above (3c) such as “he hammered it flat” in that the two major
subgroups within the D-stem reduplication set happen to correspond to the two
components of an English resultative secondary predicate. In a resultative such as “he
hammered it flat,” two components are necessary: a direct object, “it” (often resulting in
reflexive or so-called fake objects with intransitive verbs), and an adjective, “flat,” that
modifies the direct object and refers to the end state of the referent of the direct object
after all telic points have been reached. In those cases in which the original meaning of
the verbal root is transitive: the “it” of “hammered it flat” is already present, but the
resulting state of “(something) flat” is introduced through the use of the reduplication.
(4) An-ta-gal, E, iv 10'-11' (Cavigneaux et al. 1985 [MSL 17], 212; Yoshikawa
1993, 291)
10'. sa.a ma-ßa 2-du to full (cloth)
11'. sa.sa muß-ßu-du to full (cloth)
This lexically-attested use of √sa is nowhere to be found in third millennium and Old
Babylonian sources, but its semantics do correspond to a resultative predicate in that the
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