Johnson 2004 - CDLI - UCLA

either causal or result clauses depending on the aspectual contexts in which they occur,
and (c) reduplicated accomplishments (D-stem reduplication) would be analogous to
resultative secondary predicates. Since both activities and accomplishments are thought
to include a [+ stages] feature (in Rothstein’s decomposition, see section 2.1 above),
which allows them to freely occur in the progressive/imperfective aspect, when used as a
secondary or adverbial predicate (perhaps better termed a backgrounding function),
activities and accomplishments provide a durational extension within which the event
referred to by the main predicate can take place. But achievements lack the [+ stages]
feature and provide no such durational extension within which the main predication can
take place. The resultative semantics, however, which originate from the telic point in the
secondary predicate, remain in force even through the secondary predicate fails to
provide a durational extension for the main predicate, yielding a resultative that, in
temporal terms, either precedes the main predicate or follows it: preceding iptaras-
reduplication resultatives could then be translated with “since” or “because” whereas
following iptaras-reduplication resultatives would be translated as result or even,
somewhat loosely, as purpose clauses such as “so that” or “in order to.”
Other than the relatively few examples cited above from monolingual sources, I have
not attempted to test the iptaras-reduplication hypothesis further. Bilingual examples are
non-existent in The Return of Ninurta to Nippur (Cooper 1978), but there are a couple
achievement reduplications bearing the *bi-√ prefix and paralleled by Akkadian iptaras
verbs to be found in The Exploits of Ninurta.
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