Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Bryan K Mignone, B.K., Matthew D Hurteau, M.D., Chen, Y., and Sohngen, B. Carbon offsets, reversal risk and US climate policy. Carbon Balance and Management, 2009, 4:3. Myerson, R. B. Incentive Compatibility and Bargaining problem Econometrica, 1979, 47: 61-73. Polinsky, A. M. Strict liability vs. negligence in a market setting. American Economic Review, 1980 70: 363-367. Toman, M., and Cazorla, M. The Clean Development Mechanism: A Primer. RFF, 1998. United Nations, The Clean Development Mechanism: Building International Public-Private Cooperation under Kyoto Protocol- Technical Financial and Institutional Issues, Geneva, 2000. Wiser, G., and Goldberg, D. Restoring the balance: Using remedial measures to avoid and cure noncompliance under the Kyoto Protocol. WWF, 2000. Wirl, F., Huber, C., and Walker, I.O. Joint Implementation: Strategic reactions and possible remedies. Environmental and Resource Economics 1998 12: 203-224. 106
Assessment of pollutants in nigerian coastal waters Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah Oguguah, N. M., Ngozimoguguah@yahoo.com Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria Renner, K. O., kofirenner@yahoo.com Department of Biological Oceanography, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Lagos, Nigeria Oshisanya, K. I., kharphioshi@yahoo.com Department of Physical and Chemical Oceanography, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Lagos, Nigeria Babalola, A. F., bisbaaby@yahoo.com Department of Fish Technology, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Lagos, Nigeria Abstract An assessment of pollutants in Nigerian coastal waters was carried out for a period of two years. A trawler MS Suzzannah with an on board GPS was used to locate the bearings of the sampling points and an on board echo sounder was used to determine the sampling depth. Economic fish Pseudolithus senegalaenis, Atlantic bumper, Cynoglosus senegalensis and Pentatenus quanius were collected by trawling at different locations and depths at different points in Nigerian coastal waters. The fish tissue samples were digested using the methods of FAO/SIDA. All the samples were analyzed in five replicates for heavy metals (Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn) using Varian AA 600 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The highest concentration of Fe (9.39 ± 7.18) was in Drapane africana and least concentration (4.14 ± 4.21) was recorded in Pentatenus quanius. The highest concentration of Mn (1.1 ± 1.48) was in Cynoglosus senegalensis and least concentration (0.36 ± 0.00) was recorded in Drapane africana. The highest concentration of Pb (4.48 ± 0.57) was in Cynoglosus senegalensis and least concentration (2.1 ± 0.00) was recorded in Atlantic bumper. The highest concentration of Zn (0.78 ± 0.63) was in Drapane africana and least concentration (0.51 ± 0.31) was recorded in Cynoglosus senegalensis. Introduction Nigeria has a coastline of approximately 853 km and lies between latitude 4°10' to 620'N and longitude 2°45' to 8 5'E. (Dublin-Green and Tobor, 1992). The sea, and more particularly the aquatic systems (e.g. estuaries), are the ultimate repository of man’s wastes. The highly dynamic nature of the marine environment allows for very rapid assimilation of these materials by processes such as dilution, dispersal, oxidation, degradation or sequestration into sediments. However, the capacity for such assimilation is limited (Fatoki and Mathabatha, 2001). Pollution and contamination of the aquatic environment in Nigeria is increasing in scope and magnitude (Hassan, 1987) which results in human health and environmental quality degradation (Osibanjo, 2001). Though some environmental pollution is as a result of natural causes, most is caused by human activities (Engelking, 2007). Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of pollutants to the water. One of the many pollutants in the environment is heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem is due to natural and anthropogenic origin. Heavy metals are among the most toxic pollutants present in marine, groundwater and industrial wastewater. The source of 107
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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7. I see globalization as providing
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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Results Challenges in the Era of Gl
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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