Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Besides describing these two processes, our proposal presents the intentions behind these social actions and their correspondents stakeholders. For a matter of comparison, we consider: the process/project champion(s); the context both demands found and institutional; method; and qualitative results. In the following we present a table with the comparisons summarized: Criterion PPAs PB Intention/Motivation Government decentralization/ Local government empowerment Policymakers receive input from citizens Optimization of policies (e.g., international aid’s prioritization) To be a path towards participatory budget (in some of the cases) Government decentralization/ Local government empowerment Policymakers (e.g., municipal counselors) transfer deliberative power to citizens Response to civil society demands Reinforce local bases of a political party Character Consultative, influential Participative and deliberative Process/project champion Context Demand Institutional environment World Bank, International Monetary Fund Poverty reduction, infra-structure, education and health Supra governmental (i.e., international organizations foster dialogue between government and communities) Method Consultation/research lead by champion Results for citizenship Strong participation Neutral deliberation Medium development Novelty Evolution from technocratic to consulted decision-making Maintenance Active Active Mayors, public servants, barrio leaders Political party (i.e., Partido Trabalhadores) Infra-structure, housing and opportunities Government willingness (notinstitutionalized) to allow communities to have a “say” in the political/city decision-making process regarding the budget’s prioritization Participation and deliberation lead by representatives and oriented by public servants Strong participation Strong deliberation Strong development Evolution from representative to participative/deliberative local democracy Table 1: Comparison between the Participatory Poverty Assessments (PPAs) and the Participatory Budget (PB) 722
Conclusion Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah Our first interpretation suggests that the PPAs would consist in a step towards a real transfer of power to local communities similar to the Brazil case. However, this is still an ideal far from being concretized in Africa and, in fact, also in Brazil if we consider the country as a whole (i.e. about 200 cities applying it over more than 4,000 cities in the country). Part of the reason for this, although impressive, still partial success is due to, we believe, the only consultative character of the PPAs. The city of São Paulo in Brazil called “participatory” its first attempt to manage the budget in mid 80s. Nevertheless, once the population figured out that in the end of the day city counselors would still take the final decision, people just considered it illegitimate and terminate their participation (Singer, 1996). Fifteen years latter, São Paulo launched the process again but then with deliberative power obtaining thus expected results. In that sense, the participatory budget of Brazilian municipalities provides evidence for Likert’s “one best way” to manage. Likert's (1967) theory assumes for managerial behaviours: (a) Autocratic management– power is exploitative and decisions are top-down; (b) benevolent autocracy–conditioned to obedience but still top-down; (c) consultative management–ask for opinions and ideas but still takes the final decision; and (d) participative management–decisions affection a large number of people and involving policies are made by consensus. The consultative style does not seem to work well, or, works not so well as the participative style as Likert supposes. The practitioner (e.g., policymakers, public servants) may consider that more participative and thus developed and re-engaged citizens can sustain a method, called democracy, which might be the best process humanity has developed for its needed social intercourses and progress. References Abelson, J. and Gauvin, F. P. (2006). Assessing the impacts of public participation: Concepts, evidence, and policy implications. Research Report for the Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Canada. Bocatto, E. and Perez-de-Toledo, E. (2008). A democratic story: collaboration in the use of public budget. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 28(1&2). Bocatto, E. and Perez-de-Toledo, E. (forthcoming 2012). Empowering the people: Lessons from a new trend in political marketing. In Ilan Alon, Eugene Jaffe and Donata Vianelli (eds.) Global Marketing. McGraw-Hill. Likert, R. (1967). The human organization. New York: McGraw-Hill. Menezes, I. (2003). Participation Experiences and Civic Concepts, Attitudes and Engagement: implications for citizenship education projects. European Educational Research Journal, 2(3), 430 445. Parkinson, R. (Mar 1, 2007). Voter Turnout in Canada. From the Mapleleafweb, retrieved on August 11 th , 2009: http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/voter-turnout-canada. Robb, C. M. (2002). Can the poor influence policy? Participatory poverty assessments in the developing world. Washington: The World Bank Publications, 2 nd edition. Singer, P. (1996). Um governo de esquerda para todos: Luiza Erundina na Prefeitura de São Paulo. São Paulo: Brasiliense. Wagle, S. and Shah, P. (2003). Participatory approaches in budgeting and public expenditure management. World Bank’s case study of the Participation and Civic Engagement Group for the Action Learning Program on “Participatory approaches at the macro level”, http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/205481/Porto%20Alegre_English.pdf, retrieved on July, 2009. 723
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Challenges in the Era of Globalizat
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Track 5: Management Education Chall
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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