Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Abstract The Sub-Saharan Business Environment Report: Business Information at a Ready Glance Anita Spring, aspring@ufl.edu University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA SABER provides business environment information (major economic, business, political and social indicators and trends) at a ready glance at regional and country levels for the 20 largest Sub-Saharan African (SSA) economies. SABER's model include: (1) business drivers at country level; (2) regional trade agreements and political entities; (3) FDI actors (USA, EU, China, India, etc.); and (4) databases and conventions from multilateral organizations (World Bank, IMF, FAO, WHO, WTO, UNCTAD, ILO, etc.). Country reports (based on a multitude of sources) focus on business trends in: (1) politics; (2) trade and imports/exports, (3) FDI; (4) infrastructure; (5) ease of doing business; and (6) social, gender, and health aspects. SABER's print and electronic versions aim to assist businesspeople, policy makers, researchers and students in understanding the SSA business environment. Introduction I have been interested in understanding and analyzing the African business environment, starting with the 1998 African Entrepreneurship: Theory and Reality (with Barbara McDade) and followed by a 2009 special of the Journal of African Business issue (with Lettice Rutashobya), as well as other publications. I have continued to do research on related topics including a ten-country study that considered African business people, both men and women, at various levels of economic and business activities in which interviews were conducted with business owners, managers, and workers of small to medium to largescale formal-sector companies. The factors that helped and hindered business success, sustainability, and upward mobility were described and modeled. The Sub-Saharan Africa Business Environment Report (SABER) project grows out of this interest, and began in October 2010 for a four-year period with funding from the U.S. Department of Education’s Title VI grant. 1 As project director, along with Dr. Robert Rolfe, Professor of International Business, University of South Carolina, the project aims to produce an annual report that is comprehensive and straight-forward. 1 The first report focuses on the twenty largest economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In the past ten years, almost half of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced economic growth averaging over five percent a year. While many Chinese and Indian companies have moved rapidly to take advantage of new economic opportunities in these expanding markets, U.S. companies have been slower to develop effective investment strategies, although the U.S. presence in oil ventures and the U.S. government in development assistance have played prominent roles. Even though conditions are rapidly changing on the African continent, many U.S. investors do not consider investing or trading with Africa because of perceptions of political turmoil and hostile environments. Compounding this problem is the difficulty of obtaining relevant business information about Sub-Saharan Africa. While negative information about Africa is easily obtained in the media and elsewhere, data about new business opportunities are scattered and often out of date. This initiative seeks to fill this void by preparing a comprehensive annual report on the business environment in Sub-Saharan Africa that is easily accessible to individuals interested in Africa. The targeted audiences include U.S. and multinational businesses and corporations, many linked to the Corporate Council on Africa; academic categories (faculty, students, CIBER programs), NGOs involved in commercial endeavors, interested federal, state and local chambers of commerce, and other interested 370
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah parties and entities. Another client group for the report are the faculty and students in business schools and colleges in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America. A website for SABER will host the reports, more detailed country profiles, tables of indicators, and links to supporting sites. The report analyzes business indicators and conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa by four regions. These are West Africa (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal); Central Africa (Cameroon, D R Congo, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon); East and Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda); and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zambia). 2 Structure of the Report: The Model, Country Reports, and Quantitative and Ranking Indicators To prepare this report, SABER produced a decanal time series on GDPs for all Sub-Saharan countries with the aim of specifying the 20 largest Sub-Saharan economies. Although there is overlap, countries are grouped by region: West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa and the Horn, and Southern Africa, based on geography and shared borders, regional trade agreements (RTAs) (note: Both Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea are placed in Central Africa because of their RTA memberships). The report's guiding model is followed by region and sub-region summaries and business assessments in terms of positive and negative aspects for business endeavors. Individual country studies focus on current business trends, deals, and restrictions, while detailed quantitative and ranking indicators provide the data for these assessments. The Model: The interaction of domestic economic, political and social factors form the inner core of the model that is depicted as three concentric spheres (Figure 1); the next sphere represents Africa/Sub- Saharan Africa and includes regional trade agreement and organizations. These RTA and RTI memberships are given for West Africa (ECOWAS, WAEMU, CDL, CEN-SAD, CILSS); Central Africa (ECCAS, CEMAC, NBI); East Africa (EAC, IGAD, COMESA); Southern Africa (SADC, SACU, IOC, CBI). There are also political entities such as the African Union and NEPAD that influence trade and business, as well as economic entities such as the African Development Bank that along with the multinationals lend and fund projects and affect monetary configurations. The third sphere contains the multilateral organizations (including the World Bank, IMF, WTO, UNTAD, FAO, WHO, etc.) involved with Sub-Saharan African countries in terms of development assistance programs, monetary configurations, program assistance, and data collection. Bilateral agreements in development, trade and FDI from the U.S., E.U., China, India, and other countries are listed and then discussed in the report in terms of their import deals (Africa's exports) for oil, minerals, natural resources, land, and agricultural commodities, while exporting their machinery, manufactured goods, and technical expertise (Africa's imports). Also included are import/exports between Sub-Saharan African countries. 371
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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GOVERNMENT MoFED SECTORS Structure
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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