Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD large and abundantly blessed nation derives the full benefits of globalization and diversification of her economic base (Andrew Young 2003:1) Andrew Young and others recognized the place of oil in Nigeria’s foreign relations. There was increasing recognition of Nigeria in international organizations and many important world leaders actually visited the country to seek closer co-operation between Nigeria and their respective countries. Presidents Bill Clinton visited Nigeria in August 2000 and George Walker Bush (Jnr.) in July 2003. President Obasanjo became the leader of G77 in 2001 and Nigeria began to play important roles in the Commonwealth. Nigerian leader with the leaders of Australia and South Africa equally became the leading heads in finding solution to the face-off between Britain and Zimbabwe over the land seizure from white farmers. Nigeria was at the forefront of the establishment of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), Africa’s new economic initiative which was endorsed by African Heads of State at the OAU Summit in Lusaka, Zambia in July 2001. Nigeria led the negotiation leading to the stepping down of Liberian President Charles Taylor in August 2003 and Taylor’s exit made Liberia to chart a new course from its ruinous conflicts. Also Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings (CHOGM) was successfully hosted by Nigeria in December 2003. Nigeria has remained a key player in the international oil industry since the 1970s, and maintains membership in Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC which Nigeria joined in July, 1971. Nigeria is also a member of the International Criminal Court, and the Commonwealth of Nations. The country’s external relations have been active during periods of economic stability. Theoretical Framework The adopted theoretical frame work is the functional approach. The theory posits that the society is a system of interrelated parts which together forms a whole. The functionalists argue that an understanding of any part of a system enhances the thorough understanding of the relationship with other parts. The basic unit of analysis is the society and its various parts can be understood mainly in terms of their functions within the whole. The functionalists assume that society has basic needs which, must be actualized in order to survive. Haralambos (2004) explains that these basic needs include adaptation, goal attainment, integration and pattern maintenance. Functions explain the contributions which a part or an institution makes to the maintenance of the social system. In the light of this research, the functionalist theory explains the contribution of the Nigerian Foreign Service in the conduct of Nigerian diplomatic relations. Nigeria is a component of the international system and the capability of Nigeria to perform in world politics depends on the ability of the Nigerian Foreign Service. How and when national objectives abroad are realized, when Nigeria becomes an activist in world affairs and how Nigeria play leadership role in Africa will properly be made bare through the functions of the Nigerian Foreign Service. Challenges Facing the Nigerian Foreign Service: Challenge of Political Leadership Nigeria lacks a leadership that is visionary with a will, dynamic, purposeful, and one committed to the over all development of the people and the country. The nation’s political leadership dominates and regulates the direction of foreign policy in terms of fulfillment of its official mandate, motivational leadership, and funding of research activities. The Nigerian Foreign Minister has not been regarded and does not sit on the highest policy councils of state; the NIIA independent character was and is still not clear as the NIJA has been a government supervised and government- funded institution since 18th August 1974 and the end result has been the hindrance to effective diplomatic service delivery. As Akindele (2002) put it, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has quite 340
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah understandably never been the nerve-center for the conduct and management of the country’s diplomacy. The ministry’s policy objectives are imprecise. Broad objectives to be translated into specific national interests and program of actions in a constantly changing external environment not under our control are relegated. The principal task of MFA, in the making of foreign policy in Nigeria is undermined. Gambari (1989) explains that the National Defense and Security Council presided over by the Head of State deals authoritatively with broad foreign policy issues. The Council is flexible machinery for supervision and coordinating the greater part of our external relations which has been badly needed and always missing. The fact is that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is and has never been the principal actor or one of the central actors in the making and implementation of Nigeria’s external economic policies. Foreign Affairs Ministry must perform duties and responsibilities for external relations among the various ministries and agencies of government. Challenge of Training and Capacity Building For better results in Nigerian conduct of foreign relations, specialization and training cannot be overemphasized. Observation in Federal Government views on the Report of the Committee on the Training Needs of External Affairs Officers, is that, “the success or failure of the government in the pursuit of its foreign policy objectives is directly correlated to the caliber of its Foreign Service officers and to the type of training of its officers who have to cope with an increasingly complex and constantly changing international situation. This was not frontally and systematically addressed until the establishment in 1982 of the Foreign Service Academy within the Ministry of External Affairs itself. Also the Aguda Committee in 1984 reviewed the training needs of the ministry of External Affairs officers and the Federal Government recognized three categories of officers for training purposes: new entrants (GL. 08); mid career officers (GL 10-13) and senior cadre officers (GL 14-17); and prescribed different durations of training for them (Akindele, 2002). These are clearly capacity-building measures designed to improve the performance, efficiency and productivity of the officers, but corruption and lip service has not made it feasible and tenable. Challenge of Political Interference Akinterinwa explains that his appointment as Special Assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in September 2003 took place when the NIIA was no longer at its best, particularly in terms of fulfillment of its official mandate, motivational leadership, and funding of research activities. The Nigerian Foreign Minister has not been regarded and does not sit on the highest policy councils of state. Gambari (1989) insists that, a Foreign Minister or Permanent Representative to the United Nations can not operate in a political vacuum. He has to relate to the economic, po1itica and institutional environment inside and outside the government under which he serves. His success is directly dependent on his standing with and support from the Head of State and Government and the highest levels of the administration. Ishaya Audu was not a member of NPN policy making caucus, this during President Shagari’s administration posed a serious handicap in his conduct of foreign policy. Under the Buhari and Babangida administrations, when the Foreign Minister was not a member of the Supreme Military Council and the Armed Forces Ruling Councils, it was also difficult for the Foreign Affairs ministry to exercise authoritative inter-ministerial coordination for external relations, and in their security, political, trade, and economic dimensions. Challenge of Federal Character Principle The principle of maintaining a “federal character” where public servants must be selected from the distinct states of the federation for recruitment of Foreign Service officers badly sacrifice merit, talent utilization, and efficiency. Recruitment into the Foreign Service should be highly competitive and only the best should be good enough for Nigeria. Talent is fairly spread in Nigeria and with 341
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Academic Pry School 3 3 0 Backgroun
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Track 5: Management Education Chall
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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7. I see globalization as providing
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Track 12: Information Systems and E
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Factor Item Loading Imaginative 0.4
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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GOVERNMENT MoFED SECTORS Structure
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�− growth and represented by
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Results Challenges in the Era of Gl
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Figure1.1Inflation and Indexation R
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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