Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD vessels along the GOA and ECS. There have been instances where pirates have been apprehended by naval forces but subsequently released due to the domestic laws of the naval countries. For example, both Denmark and Germany can only prosecute pirates if they threatened the national interests or their citizens. Similarly, under French law a ship captain can apprehend and hold pirates but only a French judicial authority can arrest and detain them (Middleton 2009, 4). The result is that some states due to limitations posed by their domestic laws are releasing captured pirates or outsourcing their prosecution to Kenya. For instance, the United States, UK and the European Union have signed memorandums of understanding with Kenya to prosecute captured pirates in Kenya. Although Somalia is a failed state and lacks the power to control its territorial waters, and the legal system to prosecute pirates, the current resolutions by the UNSC would further undermine its efforts to control its waters and assert its territorial sovereignty. Conclusion It has been the task of this paper to examine the explanations for the causes of piracy and armed robbery attacks on vessels in GOA and ECS. Piracy is a universal crime which in recent years has accentuated in numbers and in the wanton ransom taking of ship crews. Since 2008, the GOA and ECS have seen an unprecedented rise in piratical activities. In fact, understanding the causes and ramifications of this nefarious act lie not only in cycle theory but more critically on an eclectic analysis of the structure and nature of the Somali state which has collapsed since the 1990s. Somalia has been ravaged by internecine civil strife among the various warlord, characterized by lack of an effective central government, chronic poverty and the existence of enabling conditions which support piracy. These conditions have created the “push” and “pull” factors which help us to understand the rise of piracy in the region. An overwhelming proportion of global commerce is carried on high seas which crisscross the earth. The Horn of Africa provides an essential hub for global trade. The infestation of the high seas in GOA and ECS has significant implications for international trade supply chain in terms of costs of ransom, rerouting, insurance premiums, security equipment, anti-piracy naval flotilla, and prosecutions of captured pirates. This paper therefore, enriches our understanding of this complex problem and that impacts it brings to bear. References Alarabiya. 2008. “Ships reroute to avoid pirate infested waters”, November 21. http://www.alarabiya.net/save_print.php?print=1&cont_id=60544&lang=en Bandel, Carolyn and Kevin Crowley. 2010. “Somali pirate attacks sinks premiums as insurers leap aboard”, Bloomberg, 2 August. BBC News. 2009. “Somalia has been without an effective central government since President Siad Barre was overthrown in 1991”, May 15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/- /2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072592.stm Bowden, Anna et al. 2010. The economic costs of maritime piracy. One Earth Future Foundation Working Paper, December, http://oneearthfuture.org/imagefiles/Cost%20Piracy%20Final%20Report.pdf Accessed January 21, 2011. Burgess Jr., Douglas R. 2008. “Piracy is terrorism”, New York Times December 5. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/opinion/05burgess.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print Chalk, Peter. 2008. “The maritime dimension of international security: Terrorism, piracy, and challenges for the United States”. Prepared for the United States Air Force by Rand Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG697.pdf Chalk, Peter. 1998. “Contemporary maritime piracy in Southeast Asia”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 21, 1: 87 – 112. Chick, Kristen. 2009. “A daily summary of global reports on security issues”, Christian Science Monitor, April 7. http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0407/p99s01-duts.htm?print=true 366
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah Costello, Miles. 2008. “Shipping insurance costs soar with piracy surge off Somalia”, The Times, 11 September. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4727372.ece. Dagne, Ted. 2009. “Somalia: Current conditions and prospects for a lasting peace”. Congressional Research Service Report for US Congress. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33911.pdf Ellen, Eric, ed. 1989 Piracy at sea. Paris: ICC Publishing. Frank, Jerry and Osler, David. 2008. “Piracy could add $400m to owners’ insurance”, Lloyd’s List November 20. http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/news/viewArticle.htm?articleId=20017592516 Global Security Organization. 2009. “Pirates”. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pirates.htm Gros, Jean-Germain. 1996. “Towards a taxonomy of failed states in the New World Order: decaying Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda and Haiti”, Third World Quarterly 17, 3: 455 – 471 Gosse, Philip. 2007. The history of piracy. New York: Dover Publications, INC. First published in 1932. Hagmann, Tobias and Hoehne, Markus V. 2009 “Failures of the state failure debate: Evidence from the Somali territories”, Journal of International Development 21: 42 – 57. Hanson, Stephanie. 2009. “Combating Maritime piracy”, Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounder April 13. . http://www.cfr.org/publication/18376/combating_maritime_piracy.html?breadcrumb=%2F Hari Johann. 2009. “Johann Hari: You are being lied to about pirates”, January 5. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-you-are-being-lied-toabout-pirates-1225817.html Hassan, Mohamed O. 2008. “Pirates move Saudi supertanker farther from coast”, Associated Press, November 25. http:www.hiiraan.com/print2_news/2008/Nov/pirates_move_saudi_supertanker_farther_from_coast.aspx Hearing, Roger. 2009. “West can help ‘eradicate pirates”, BBC NEWS, July 14. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8150493.stm.. Herbert-Burns, Rupert. 2007. “Compound piracy at Sea in the early Twenty-First century: A tactical to operational-level perspective on contemporary, multiphase piratical methodology”. In Violence at Sea: Piracy in the Age of Global Terrorism, ed. Peter Lehr, 95 - 120. New York: Routledge. ICC-CCS. 2009a. “Pirate attacks off Somalia already surpass 2008 figures”, May 12. www.icc-ccs.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=352:pirate-attac... ICC-CCS. 2009b. “Piracy doubles in first six months of 2009”, July 15. http://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=362:piracy-doubles-in-firstsix-months-of-2009&catid ICC-IMB. 2010. Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. Annual Report 1 January – 31 December 2009. London: ICC-IMB. www.icc-ccs.org ICC-IMB. 2009. Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships. Report for the Period 1 January – December 2008. London: ICC-IMB. www.icc-ccs.org IMO. 2008. Reports on acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships, October. http://www.imo.org/includes/blastDataOnly.asp/data_id%3D24461/127.pdf Johnson, Derek and Mark Valencia, eds. 2005. Piracy in Southeast Asia: Status, Issues and Responses. Singapore: International Institute for Asian Studies. King, Rawle E. 2009. “Ocean Piracy and its impact on insurance”. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40081_2009.pdf Koknar, Ali M. 2005. “Corsairs at Starboard: Jihad at sea”, Journal of Counterterritorism & Homeland Security International 11, 1. Lane, Kris E. 1998. Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500 – 1750. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Lehr, Peter. 2007. Introduction. In Violence at Sea: Piracy in the Age of Global Terrorism, ed. Peter Lehr vii – xii. New York: Routledge. Lekic, Slobodan. 2009. “NATO extends piracy mission off Somalia”, June 12. 367
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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