Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD High industrial concentration (industrial parks, technological networks, …) 19 2.35 Cultural Characteristics (e.g. language, religion, food & drink) 20 2.24 Technologically advanced country (learning opportunities) 21 2.12 Less strict environmental laws 22 1.91 Conclusion This paper presents the main host country location factors that MNCs consider when they want to undertake FDI in Syria and Jordan. Using a relatively large sample size, this study is the first attempt to identify, classify and rank the key host country-specific influences for FDI decision by MNCs in this particular area. The findings of this study show that the choice of either Syria or Jordan as a location of FDI emerges to be intrinsically influenced by the market attractiveness of the host country (its size and potential growth), to what extent the investment environment is favourable for MNCs regarding government policies, regulations, and laws, and the perceived potential risks in those countries. In other words, the decision of MNCs to undertake FDI in such area is driven by market demand and at the same time the ease and risk of doing business. Based on the above, developing countries in general, Syria, and Jordan in particular can attract more FDI by doing two things. They need to improve their investment climate and make it more favourable for MNCs in terms of regulations, policies, and laws, and at the same time, lower the perceived potential investment risk through maintaining political stability. Although empirical findings of studies regarding location factors may differ significantly from country to country or from market to market, the findings of this study support the findings of similar studies undertaken in other host country contexts. The findings of this study support Cleeve’s (2006) main findings with respect to the importance of the following location factors: (1) potential growth in the host market, (2) large market size, (3) good infrastructure, (4) availability of high skilled workforce in the host market, and (5) the openness of the economy. This study also confirms the findings of Cleeve (2006) with respect to corruption as both studies show it has no effect on FDI inflows. However, there is a contradiction with Cleeve’s (2006) findings with respect to political stability in the host country as the findings of this study reveal that it was one of the most significant location factors influencing MNCs decision to undertake FDI and affecting FDI inflows, whereas, Cleeve (2006) found it to have no effect. References Balasubramanyam, V. N., Salisu, M. A., and Sapsford, D. (1999) Foreign direct investment as an engine of growth, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, vol. 8(1), pp. 27-40. Blomstrom, M., & Kokko, A. (1998) Multinational corporations and spillovers, Journal of Economic Surveys, vol. 12, pp. 247–277. Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., and Lee, J. W. (1998) How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?, Journal of International Economics, vol. 45, pp. 115–135. Buckley, P., Devinney, T., & Louviere, J.. (2007). Do managers behave the way theory suggests? A choice-theoretic examination of foreign direct investment location decision-making. Journal of International Business Studies: Part Focused Issue: Internationalization - Positions,, 38(7), 1069. Buckley, P. and Casson, M. (1976) The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, Macmillan: London. Cleeve, Emmanuel (2006) “Institutional Impediments to FDI Inflows to Sub-Saharan Africa”, In Proceedings; (and presented at) The 7th International Conference of the Academy of African Business, May 2006, Accra, Ghana. 252
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah De Mello, L. R. (1997) Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: A selective survey, Journal of Development Studies, vol. 34(1), pp. 1-34. De Mello, L. R. (1999) Foreign direct investment led growth: evidence from time series and panel data, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 51, pp. 133–151. Dunning, J. (1980) ‘Towards an eclectic theory of international production: some empirical tests’, Journal of International Business Studies 11(1): 9–31. Dunning, J. H. (1988). The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(1), 1–31. Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2008) Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy, 2 nd Edition. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975) “The Internationalization of the Firm: Four Swedish Cases”, in Buckley and Ghauri (ed), The Internationalization of the Firm, London: International Thomson Business Press, pp.27-42. Knickerbocker, F. T. (1973) Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise. Division of Research Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University: Cambridge, MA. Meyer, K. E. (2004) Perspectives on multinational enterprises in emerging economies, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35(4), pp. 259–276. Meyer, K., & Estrin, S., (2004) “Investment Strategies in Emerging Markets: An Introduction to the Research Project”, in Estrin, S., and Meyer, K., Investment Strategies in Emerging Markets. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Pack, H., & Saggi, K. (1997) Inflows of foreign technology and indigenous technological development, Review of Development Economics, vol. 1(1), pp. 81-98. Ramamurti, R. (2004) Developing countries and MNEs: Extending and enriching the research agenda, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 35(4), pp. 277–283. Teece, D. J., Transaction Cost Economics and the Multinational Enterprise, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 7, 1986, pp. 21-45 Vernon, R (1966) International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 80, pp. 190-207. UNCTAD, (2003) World investment report 2003 – FDI policies for development: National and international perspectives, New York: United Nations. UNCTAD, (2008) World Investment Report 2008 - Transnational Corporations and the Infrastructure Challenge, New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD, (2010) World Investment Report 2010 – Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy, New York and Geneva: United Nations. 253
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Figure1.1Inflation and Indexation R
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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