Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Integrating Scientific with Indigenous Knowledge: Towards a conceptual framework of the innovation process of indigenous entrepreneurs Henrietta Onwuegbuzie Faculty of Entrpreneurship and Decision Making, Lagos Business Scool Pan African University, Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Norma Juma, norma.juma@washburn.edu Washburn University, School of Business, Topeka, KS, USA Abstract Extant literature indicates that indigenous knowledge (IK) has the potential to solve contemporary problems. IK applied by indigenous entrepreneurs(IEs) and the resulting grassroots innovations(GIs) provide an unexploited idiosyncratic source of value creating innovations which hold great potential for solving contemporary problems as well as delivering sustainable development, especially in developing countries. Though GIs represent an important source of innovations that have provided affordable, effective solutions in indigenous communities, they are sometimes not so effective and usually fail to scale up as most IEs lack the funds and knowledge required to commercialize the innovation on a large scale. This conceptual paper however seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the innovation process of IEs. It proposes an integrative model of the innovation process of IEs. The authors conclude by generating research questions informed by their conceptual framework. Introduction The purpose of this conceptual paper is to propose a conceptual model that may lead to a better understanding of the innovation process of indigenous entrepreneurs (IEs). The literature reveals that IEs who are rich in IK generate low cost GIs which are just as effective as and sometimes even more effective than existing modern scientific solutions (Gupta, 2000). In spite of the lack of formal education, indigenous populations have continuously found solutions to their problems and a means of survival without having recourse to modern means which tend to be unaffordable for them. A fundamental component of any country’s knowledge system is its indigenous knowledge (Hindle & Lansdowne, 2007; Sen, 2005; Subba Rao, 2006) and a number of authors point out that more sustainable and effective solutions are generated by building on the existing knowledge base (Grenier, 1998; Gupta, 1995; Monaghan, 2009; Sen, 2005; Subba Rao, 2006). A review of the literature reveals that a number of scholars and development workers are gradually beginning to realize the importance of building on existing knowledge in seeking to achieve sustainable development (Sen, 2005; Subba Rao, 2006: Gupta, Sinha, Koradia, Patel, Parmar, Rohit, Patel, Patel, Chand, James, Chandan, Patel, Prakash, & Vivekanandan, 2003) and that indeed, IK has the potential to solve contemporary problems (Agrawal, 1995; Gupta Kothari & Patel, 1999; Kuznets , 1973; Lalonde, 1993; Monaghan, 2009; Peredo, 2004, Sen, 2005; Sillitoe, 1998; Srinivas & Sutz, 2008; Subba Rao, 2006). We therefore argue that IK applied by IEs and the resulting GIs provide an unexploited idiosyncratic source of innovations which holds great potential for solving contemporary problems (Gupta, 2000) as well as delivering sustainable development (Gupta, et al, 2003). Furthermore, considering that the current world economic crisis has enlarged the niche for cost-effective solutions as a preferred alternative (Prahalad & Mashelkar, 2010), in this paper we advocate the need to integrate IK systems and western knowledge systems as a means of generating effective, scalable low-cost solutions. 190
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah This paper is divided into four sections. The first section provides a background by defining and explaining relevant key terms such as indigenous entrepreneurship, indigenous knowledge and grassroots innovations. The second section discusses the importance of integrating incumbent mainstream knowledge systems with indigenous knowledge and the relevance of understanding the innovation process of indigenous entrepreneurs. The third section discusses the proposed conceptual framework to be explored in the field study and the final section suggests future directions for indigenous entrepreneurship research. Indigenous entrepreneurship and grassroots innovations This paper looks at the relatively little known phenomenon of indigenous entrepreneurship which tends to involve the application of IK. Indigenous entrepreneurship (IE), is defined as enterprise related activities carried out by indigenous people (Peredo, Anderson, Galbraith, Honig, & Dana, 2004: 3). It is also considered as, “self-employment based on indigenous knowledge” (Dana, 2007). Indigenous entrepreneurs tend to apply indigenous knowledge which is defined as “a systematic body of knowledge acquired by local people through the accumulation of experiences, informal experiments and an intimate understanding of the environment in a given culture” (Warren & Rajasekaran, 1993). It is not restricted to rural dwellers as it is present in all communities that have built a body of knowledge over generations (Subba Rao, 2006). Indigenous entrepreneurs tend to generate grassroots innovations which are defined as need-based, simple, cost-effective and sustainable solutions generated to address problems faced by indigenous communities, with the potential to solve contemporary problems (Gupta, 2001). Though GIs originate mostly from indigenous communities by individuals who tend to be economically poor and with little or no formal education, they are also generated by other individuals educated in formal systems and from higher income groups, who are embedded to some extent in the same environment and thus posses some degree of IK (Subba Rao, 2006). Most of the literature on innovation and entrepreneurship proceeds from research in developed countries (Lindsay, 2005), creating a tendency to focus on mainstream innovations which are usually related to the context of developed economies. Much less attention has so far been paid to the wealth of innovations that occur outside formal R&D structures such as grassroots innovations which are derived from indigenous/traditional knowledge and have the potential to solve contemporary problems (Gupta, 2001). This paper thus highlights the need to extend the existing paradigm of innovation to include these idiosyncratic forms of innovation and attempts to contribute to indigenous entrepreneurship research by investigating the innovation process of indigenous entrepreneurs. Innovations by IEs tend to be cost-effective, ecosystem friendly and sustainable because indigenous people usually have an intimate knowledge of the ecosystem in their locality and through accumulated experience, have learnt to manage the resources available in their environment in a sustainable way (Gupta, 1999). However, though GIs represent an important source of value creating innovations they are sometimes not so effective and usually fail to scale up as most IEs lack the funds and knowledge required to commercialize their innovations on a large scale. The phenomenon of technology blending which involves the integration of grassroots and mainstream innovations has been suggested as a means to scaleup GIs as well as increase their effectiveness (Srinivas & Sutz, 2008; James, 1988). Extant literature reveals a number of instances when the integration of indigenous knowledge and modern scientific knowledge result in improved outcomes (Douthwaite, 2006; James, 1988) and also proposes a conceptual framework depicting how mainstream practices can harness the benefits of indigenous knowledge (Monaghan, 2009). While the innovation process of mainstream innovations is extensively discussed by various authors (Hansen & Birkinshaw, 2007; Roper, Du, & Love, 2008; Van Horne, Frayret, & Poulin, 2006), no empirical study was found in the literature regarding the innovation process of IEs. In this 191
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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