Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Hewitt, T. and Mantel, M. (2002). Ghana Receives First Global Fund Grants, available at http://www.scidev.net/news/ghana and retrieved on Tuesday January 4, 2011. Lambert, M-L and Stuyft, P.V. (2002). Editorial: Global Health Fund or Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 7(7), 557 – 558. Lu, C., Michaud, C.M., Khan, K. and Murray, C..J.L. (2006). “Absorptive Capacity, and Disbursements by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: An Analysis of Grant Implementation.” Lancet, 368, 483-88. Michaud CM. Development assistance for health (DAH): recent trends and resources allocation—paper prepared for the Second Consultation Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, October 29–30, 2003. http://www.who.int/macrohealth/events/health_for_poor/en/dah_trends_nov10.pdf. Tuberculosis Control Assistance Programme (TB CAP) (2010), Achievement, Challenges, and Lessons Learned, Final Report. www.wikepedia.com 400
Abstract Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah A study of fixed and variables costs in three hospitals in Ghana Anthony Q. Q. Aboagye, qaboagye@ug.edu.gh University of Ghana Business School, Legon- Ghana. Cost analysis relates inputs of resources to the outputs (patient-care) provided by the hospital. Hospital costs can be analyzed by categorizing them into fixed and variable costs. In general, a high proportion of fixed cost suggests some scope for efficiency improvements in resource allocation and usage. We investigate fixed and variable costs in the hospitals studied by Aboagye et al (2010a), first for each hospital as a unit, then for hospital intermediate and patient care centers to throw light on the proportions of fixed versus variable costs and thereby suggest areas where cost-cutting measures may be directed to reduce fixed costs so as to increase efficiency in use of resources. We find that, in all three hospitals, fixed costs exceeded variable costs substantially. In all cases, the entire labour cost, is virtually fixed and does not depend on the number of patients attended to. Total Administrative Costs too have a huge fixed cost component. On the other hand, fixed costs make up a smaller proportion of Total Services Cost. At individual hospital cost centers, we find that fixed costs dominate variable costs. It is recommended that hospitals (under the Ghana Health Service) consider restructuring contracts with hospital staff such that all staff costs are not fixed costs. Introduction Cost analysis relates inputs of resources to the outputs (patient-care) provided by the hospital. Cost information is needed by managers and policy makers for making decisions about improving hospital performance and allocation of resources within a hospital or among hospitals. It is also used to compare the performance of one hospital to another. The total cost of providing medical care in hospitals includes all hospital expenditures, whether directly related to patient-care such as outpatient consultations, inpatient-care, etc., intermediate services to patients such as laboratory diagnosis, x-rays and other radiological services, or indirect (overhead) services such as hospital administration, maintenance of grounds, etc. Hospital costs can be categorized into two types: fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that do not change with hospital output (patient-care) within a relatively short period. Fixed costs are implied in hospital equipment, buildings, vehicles and permanent staff. Fixed costs are not saved if patient-care is not provided. Variable costs do change with the volume of patient-care provided. They are saved if a particular service is not provided. They include medication, laboratory re-agents, x-ray films, etc. Many costs that are fixed over the short-term can be variable in the long-term or under alternative arrangements. For example, if the number of permanent staff is reduced over time, then that item is no longer fixed. And if a hospital purchases medical services such as patient X-rays and reports from an outside supplier, the cost of an X-ray becomes variable to that hospital. Defining the cost of providing health-care involves other considerations as well. When third parties such as health insurance companies are involved, a hospital bill that reflects the hospital’s total cost of providing the service is a variable cost to the third-party payer. For, if service is not provided or is not reimbursed, third-party payers save the entire amount of that bill payment. Unfortunately for the hospital in such situation, (if it does not provide the service or is not reimbursed), it must still cover its fixed costs for that service. Over the short term, this has the effect of increasing the fixed cost per service provided 401
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Challenges in the Era of Globalizat
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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7. I see globalization as providing
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Factor Item Loading Imaginative 0.4
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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Results Challenges in the Era of Gl
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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