Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD In the U.K., majority of organizations subscribed to a published code of practice/statement of mission/statement of social responsibility. Therefore, codes existed as a significant part of organizations life. However, whether they do or can affect behavior is very much in question. Gray (1990) noted that the current business ethics debates and the debates on social responsibility before it has failed to ‘take root’ where it matters in organizations and governments. Literature of business ethics is mostly described in terms of individuals and in particular the self-interest or the moral motivation of individuals. There is the problem of the nature of relationship between individual and organization roles, and a consideration for “individual role” in the organization (Wilbug, 1988). Organizations on the other hand, are seen as managerialists, where managers have powers in their own hands to change organization to benefit their own interest. This is a simplistic view. In actual practice, the process of changing the moral or ethical behavior of organization is profoundly complex and requires careful approach (Smith, 1982). Gray (1990) suggested two approaches in introducing ethical changes in the society. The first approach is the revolutionary option. This stems from recognition that the problems we perceive are the result of systematic distortion and this morphogenetic change can only be achieved through systematic change. Second, the market option (doing nothing). This is formed on the principle of person selfishness, which sees the calculated cleverness in the interest of self. This option is, unethical and shows no desirable possibilities for the species. Our discussion of the practice in U.S.A. and U.K. is not intended to show that ethical issues are not given the much attention that they require in these countries. Rather, it is to show that there are considerable rooms from improvement. Studies of ethics have been made compulsory courses in the advanced countries in institutions of learning based on the belief is that the more you teach or repeat them, the more they are likely to take root in the hearts of the people and consequently influence their behavior. Nigeria Experience There is widespread lack of commitment to ethical behavior concern for excellence and self-reliance in Nigeria and in Nigerian Organizations. Since 1997 and up to 2009, Nigeria had consistently been listed as one of the most corrupt countries in the world by Transparency International (TI). In its 2001 annual corruption index released by TI, Nigeria was second to the Asian country of Bangladesh. The reported survey of 91 countries ranked Nigeria 90 th while Bangladesh ranked 91 st . Other countries in the bottom ranked states were; Uganda, Indonesia, Kenya, Cameroun, Bolivia, Ukraine, and Tanzania. Ranking of some other African countries were Zambia 25, Zimbabwe 65, Malawi 61, South Africa 38 and Namibia 30. Botswana had the lowest perceived corruption rate of any developing country and was no. 30 on the index. Rich countries topped the clean list as they had the lowest level of public corruption. The cleanest were Finland, Denmark, New Zealand, Iceland Singapore, Sweden, Canada, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Norway, while Haiti, a small Island in the Caribbean topped the list of corrupt countries in the world. Coming second and third were Berman and Iraq respectively, while Bangladesh was in the 8th position in the list released by Transparency International. Nigeria did not make the list of the 10 most corrupt countries that year. Ekpo-Ufot (1990) found that reported frequencies of unethical behavior were high and were virtually the same among the studied groups. Ogundele (1999) findings were similar to Ekpo-Ufot (1990) study, except that the latter study isolated the twelve factors that were responsible for unethical behavior. Leadership, which was singled out as being central in promoting corruption in Nigeria was a major factor (Eso, 2007). Research Methods and Analysis 548
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah The research design is an exploratory in nature, where questionnaires were used to obtain responses from the general populace of Lagos State. A total of 3500 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 2623 were returned. There were, however, some missing data points due to few unanswered questions by respondents. The research instrument had a Cron-bach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.813. Which confirms that the instrument is significantly reliable and suitable for factor analysis ( Stewart,1981). The researchers employed percentage measures of central tendency and dispersal of the interpretation of each demographic variable. Univariate analysis was employed to measure interaction effects among the demographic variables. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tool was used to examine the different groups of responses that were measured on interval scales. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was employed to establish the relationships between the respective independent variables and the dependent variable of unethical behavior on the one hand and the interrelationships of the independent to variables among themselves. Discussion of Findings An examination of table 1 shows that 60.5% and 39.5% of respondents were male and female respectively. 45.1% were single, 51.7 married and the remaining 3.2% were divorced respondents. 92.0% were employed while the reaming 8.0% were unemployed. 12.7% of the respondents were WASC/GCE holders, OND and NCE holders accounted for 31.1%, HND and B.Sc holders 44.4%, Master Degree and PhD holders were 9.8 and while the remaining 2% had other forms of educational qualifications. The analysis presented reveals that in terms of gender, both groups were adequately represented. The educational qualifications of most of the respondents are such that they are knowledgeable enough and could provide reliable responses on issued raised in the research instrument. Table 1: Demographic statistics of Respondents Variables % Gender of Respondents Male 60.5 Female 39.5 Marital Status Single 44.8 Married 51.3 Divorced 3.2 Age 18 years and Less 2.3 19-29 36.1 30-39 38.5 40-49 14.8 50+ 3.6 Employment Status Employed 90.2 Unemployed 7.9 Education 549
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Challenges in the Era of Globalizat
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Academic Pry School 3 3 0 Backgroun
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Track 5: Management Education Chall
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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