Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Using focus groups to examine effective leadership and motivation in the African Diaspora Abstract Terri Lituchy, terrilituchy@yahoo.com Concordia University, Canada Betty Jane Punnett, eureka@caribsurf.com University of the West Indies, Barbados Alethea Thomas, allieye1@yahoo.com University of the West Indies, Barbados Amanda Cruickshank, amanda.cruickshank@yahoo.co.uk University of the West Indies, Barbados Robert Oppenheimer, roberto@jmsb.concordia.ca Concordia University, Canada David Ford, mzad@utdallas.edu University of Texas at Dallas Bill Puplampu, bbpups@ug.edu.gh University of Ghana Sam Sejjaaka, Samuel_Sejjaaka@hotmail.com Makerere University, Uganda With the internationalization of business, it is important to understand management issues in different cultural contexts. There is little research on management issues in less developed countries, especially on leadership and motivation in Africa or the African Diaspora. In order to avoid a ‘western’ bias, an emic approach was used in the current research. This paper presents the results of focus group research of people of African descent living in Montreal. The findings suggest that there are differences between western and African views of effective leadership and motivation. For example the participants stated that the ‘heart of the people’ and ‘passion’ motivated leaders; while money and fear as well as a need for security motivate employees. These results have implications for international management theory as well as practice. Introduction As globalization of business moves to less developed countries, it is important to understand management issues such as leadership and motivation in different cultural contexts. “…Very little empirical or theoretical work has addressed leadership and management in Africa…” (Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology June 2009, p.464). Bolden and Kirk (2009) have therefore called for grounded conceptualizations of leadership drawn from research within Africa using a variety of methodological approaches. The current study uses an emic approach to examine leadership and motivation of people of African descent in Canada. 486
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah The last two decades have seen increased interest in management challenges on the African continent. Some scholars have questioned the effectiveness of Western management and human resource practices in Africa (Blunt & Jones, 1992; Kamoche et al, 2004). Africa remains relatively under-researched. One review (Punnett et al, 2009) of 17 papers dealing with Africa included three that dealt generally with Africa, one with southern Africa and one with western Africa. Botswana, Kenya and Malawi were each included in one study, three focused on Ghana and six on South Africa. The review found that a major challenge for leadership scholars is to develop a cross-cultural understanding of leadership, especially in the African context. There is little research on motivation and leadership in Africa or the African Diaspora; more work is required in almost every field to better understand the concepts of leadership and motivation from these perspectives. Much of the management research on Africa is biased towards western theories and concepts; only a few researchers have tried to understand the concepts of leadership and motivation from the perspective of African people. Studies that have focused on the cultural uniqueness of African countries suggest that effective leadership styles and motivational tools in Africa are different from Western countries; a paternalistic leadership style, tribal ties, non financial rewards, spirituality, communalism, supportiveness and local concepts such as Ubuntu, play important roles in Africa. In addition, there is no management research on the African Diaspora in Canada. The overall objective of this study is to examine the similarities and differences in perceptions of effective leadership and motivation in selected African countries and the African Diaspora in the Caribbean, Canada and the United States. In this paper, we present results of focus groups of people of African descent conducted in Canada. In future research, we will be conducting the focus groups in the other countries. Method In order to avoid a ‘western’ bias, an emic approach was used. The research began with a ‘blank page’, by asking respondents to define the concepts to be measured, rather than the researchers defining them. This was done through the use of the Delphi Technique followed by the focus groups. The results of the Focus groups held in Montreal are presented here. Participants To ensure accuracy of the focus group process, the procedure was run in Montreal on three different occasions. The pilot study groups included black students from Concordia University, Montreal and the second and third focus groups included working adults of African descent in Montreal from various occupations. Procedure Barbour & Kitzinger (1999) defined focus groups as group discussions exploring a specific set of issues. Recently focus groups have gained some social scientific respectability (Kahan, 2001) and have shown to be useful both in qualitative and quantitative research (Morgan, 1988). In each focus group, the facilitator began with an overview of the project. The facilitator encouraged discussion among the participants and noted key responses while working to try to achieve consensus. After concluding the discussion, the facilitator asked the group members to rank the top five items in order of importance. The item ranked as most important was given a value of 5, the next most important a value of 4 and so on. The average score per item, per focus group was determined. Therefore, the higher the average score, the more important that item was believed to be by the members of that focus group. 487
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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