Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD 2.12 Watching soccer makes me feel like part of the team 2.13 I watch soccer because I want to be with other people 2.14 I enjoy soccer when I am with a large group of people 2.15 I enjoy watching soccer because it increases my self-esteem 2.16 I like the stimulation I get from watching soccer 2.17 I enjoy watching soccer more than any other entertainment 2.18 Watching soccer is simply a form of recreation for me 2.19 My favourite team’s success or failure is mine 2.20 I watch soccer so I can be with my partner 2.21 I watch soccer so I can be with my family 2.22 I watch every soccer match that Bafana-Bafana plays 2.23 I watch soccer because I am related to one of the players 2.24 Every South African should watch Bafana-Bafana games 2.25 I enjoy travelling to watch soccer because it is a form of tourism 2.26 Every South African soccer fan should have a vuvuzela, makarapa, etc. To measure sport spectatorship constructs, Wann’s (1995) Sport Fan Motivation Scale (SFMS) instrument was adapted to suite South African audience. For example, gambling was an item listed under Economic factor and the study included income and tourism under the same factor and Aesthetic was elaborated to (tsamayas and shibobos) which mean dribbling and a good display of football. That is the local language that is used and familiar with South African football fans. Wann (1995) developed the instrument to measure factors that motivate individuals to become football spectators. The scale has 8 sub-scales: eustress, self-esteem, escape, entertainment, economic, aesthetic, group affiliation, and family; which load as separate sub-scales. The scale was designed to measure sport fan motivation and it was utilized in South Africa, specifically for soccer world cup. Numerous sport spectatorship studies including Wann, Schrader & Wilson (1999) have tested the instrument and have reported acceptable levels of construct validity. For this reason, the questionnaire was adapted to measure motives for football spectatorship during the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South. Preceding data collection, researchers tested content validity by conducting a comprehensive literature review of sport spectatorship constructs. Thereafter, as recommended by Dwivedi, Choudrie, and Brinkman (2006), a pilot test was conducted with 7 university students to check that the content of questionnaire would be understandable to the target respondents. After a few minor changes, the final questionnaire consisted of 2 sections: respondents’ demographics section and the sport fan motivation questions consisting of 26 items. Data analysis Quantitative analysis was performed. All returned questionnaires were checked for completeness. Those with more than 3 missing responses on the Likert scale were rejected. However, those with no more than 830
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah 2 missing values on the biographical data were included in the study, as some of the questions in this section requested sensitive personal information. SPSS v.18 was used for data analysis. The following analyses were employed: o Descriptive statistics to describe the data and the sample; o Factor analysis to establish the dimensions (or latent variables) Results The research sought to identify motives behind sport spectatorship, in particular, the 2010 Soccer World Cup. Wann (1995) proposes the SFMS, comprising 25 items (see Table 2). Subsequently, factor analysis was performed on the SFMS scale to discover the latent variables and relationships of the 25-item questionnaire. According to Wann (1995), the SFMS scale contains eight subscales: (eustress, selfesteem, escape, entertainment, economic, aesthetic, group affiliation, and family), which are supposed to load independently in eight factors. The minimum criteria to run factor analysis was satisfactory (KMO = 0.515; Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity X 2 = 202.212; df = 120; p < 0.000). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used. Initially the loading pattern was unclear, some 11 items were dropped. After purifying the scale, the data were reanalysed. Subsequent analyses resulted in a five-factor solution (see Table 3) for technical aspects in data analysis. Table 3: Five-factor solution of the SFMS (cross-loading) Factor 1 SFMS20 0.861 SFMS21 0.866 Factor 2* SFMS4 0.519 SFMS5 0.500 SFMS18 0.508 SFMS19 0.608 SFMS22 0.585 Factor 3* SFMS11 0.523 SFMS16 0.658 SFMS25 0.679 Factor 4 SFMS13 0.712 SFMS15 0.703 Factor 5 SFMS8 0.694 SFMS24 0.658 831
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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⎧κ ( ω) − ( 1− p) β ( ω)
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Track 5: Management Education Chall
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Factor Item Loading Imaginative 0.4
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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GOVERNMENT MoFED SECTORS Structure
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�− growth and represented by
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Results Challenges in the Era of Gl
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Input: Process, regulation Referenc
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CSOEs Statesponsored Agenda Resourc
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