Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Sample The sample comprised of undergraduates drawn from three universities in southeast Nigeria, namely, Godfrey Okoye University, a privately owned; and two government owned universities – the University of Nigeria and Nnamdi Azikiwe University). The universities were purposively selected because of their high bank presence. For example, at Nnamdi Azkiwe University campus there is a street called “Bank Avenue” with about eight different banks having full operational branches. Hence the choice of these universities, as the high bank branch presence in their campuses can give rise to high banking habit among undergraduates. On the basis of a sample size of 300 undergraduates, equal number of sample, that is 100 students, were purposively drawn from each university. The study did not discriminate on students’ course of study. Expectedly, 300 copies of completed questionnaire were returned thereby leading to a 100% return rate. The high return rate was recorded due to two reasons: firstly, the questionnaire was administered during lecture classes with support from course lecturers; secondly, the use of drop-and-pick method by research team. However, after editing, only 274 copies were deemed fit for final analysis. Analysis The SPSS 16.0 program was used for processing responses to the bank selection statements. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of factor analysis, with varimax rotation, was used to process responses to the bank selection statement. The responses within the various factor groups were tested for internal reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha test. PCA is used to reduce a large number of variates (49) to some smaller number by telling which belong together and which seem to say the same thing. Hair et al (2010, p16) stated that the objective of the PCA “ is to find a way of condensing the information contained in a number of original variables into smaller set of variates (factors) with a minimal loss of information.” PCA can be conducted on an unrotated or rotated basis, and if it is to carried out on a rotated basis, various techniques are available. Hair et al (2010) sustained that of the various techniques, varimax tends to be the preferred one for clearer separation of the factors. The results of our factor analysis with varimax rotation are presented in Table 2. Findings Demographic profile Of the 274 copies of the questionnaire used for the final analysis, 61.7% of the respondents are male undergraduate students and 38.3% are female undergraduate students. Various undergraduate academic levels where represented, for example 9.1% were in the first year; 48.2% were in their second year; 19.3% were in their third year; 18.2% were in their fourth year; and 5.1 were in their fifth year. With respect to the respondents’ age, 33.2% of the respondents are within 16-20yrs age bracket; 57.3% are within 21-25yrs age bracket; 8.4% are within 26-29yrs age bracket; and 1.1% are either 30yrs or above. The marital status of the undergraduate respondents indicates that 97.8% of the respondents are single while 2.2% are married. All the respondents (i.e. 100%) have a savings account with a bank with branch within or around the university campus. Factor Analysis: Principal Component Analysis We use factor analysis with principal component extraction to determine the underlying factors. Table 1 below shows summary of the result of the analysis based on Varimax with Kasier Normalization as the rotation method while the rotation converged in 12 iterations: Table 1: Factor groups of bank choice criteria of undergraduates 588
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah Factor 1: Bank’s financial stability and confidentiality – Cronbach alpha 0.780 Financial stability of the bank 0.675 Confidentiality of transaction/customer information 0.520 Factor 2: Convenience and functional ATM network - Cronbach alpha 0.860 Availability of ATM in several locations 0.691 Availability of ATM in the campus 0.775 24 hours availability of ATM services 0.807 Convenient ATM location 0.754 Factor 3: Free gifts and influential promos - Cronbach alpha 0.575 Free gifts for customers 0.531 Influential marketing campaign 0.325 Factor 4: Friendliness and professional bank staff - Cronbach alpha 0.735 Friendliness of bank personnel 0.603 Regular bank statement 0.678 Professionalism of bank staff 0.717 Factor 5: Afternoon banking - Cronbach alpha 0.529 Bank opens in the afternoon 0.465 Availability of parking space 0.456 Factor 6: External and internal aesthetics of bank - Cronbach alpha 0.754 Attractiveness of bank building 0.771 Interior decor of bank building 0.774 Pleasant bank atmosphere 0.615 Factor 7: Family and friends influence - Cronbach alpha 0.718 Recommendation of relatives 0.710 Recommendation of friends 0.753 Influence of lecturers 0.688 Influence of parents 0.738 Factor 8: Low bank charges - Cronbach alpha 0.787 Low service charges 0.699 Low interest rates on loan 0.648 Factor 9: Friendliness of bank staff - Cronbach alpha 0.675 Reception at the bank 0.719 Factor 10: Proximity of bank branch to university campus - Cronbach alpha 0.612 Proximity to University 0.707 Branch of is in the university campus 0.675 Eigenvalue 12.431 3.332 2.387 2.148 2.019 1.626 1.526 1.321 1.199 1.152 % Variance 25.369 6.801 4.871 4.384 4.121 3.318 3.114 2.697 2.446 2.351 Cum % variance 25.369 32.170 37.041 41.425 45.546 48.864 51.978 54.675 57.121 61.867 Factor analysis was considered appropriate for the 49 items because the Keiser-Meyer (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy test index equaled 0.854 and Barlett’s test gives a significance level of less than 0.0001, which supports the appropriateness of the factor model. As seen in Table 1 above, the analysis produced ten principal component solutions, which collectively explained more than half of the variance observed in the variable at 61.9%, satisfying the percentage of variance criterion for social sciences research (see Hair et al, 2010 and Makhlis, 2009). The ten factors identified are: bank’s financial stability; convenience and functional ATM network; free gifts and influential marketing promos; friendliness and professional bank staff; afternoon banking; internal and external aesthetics of bank; family and friends 589
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Academic Pry School 3 3 0 Backgroun
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Factor Item Loading Imaginative 0.4
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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GOVERNMENT MoFED SECTORS Structure
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