Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD *Items loaded across different factors. Discussion The loading of the factors did not come as anticipated as it is possible that South African football atmosphere is different from other parts of the world where the scale has been employed. Previous sport fan motivation studies tested the 1995 Sport Fan Motivation Scale in different sporting codes and in our study the same scale was used is South Africa, particularly to measure the motivation of football spectators who watched soccer during the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Of the eight factors developed by Wann, only five emerged and the two factors (family and economic) were not represented. However, other dimensions appeared in one factor as they did not load individually. Overall, results indicate that World Cup spectatorship was influenced by five factors: (1) eustress, which reflected a positive stress, energy and the level of commitment. (2) aesthetic and entertainment, which consists of various entertainment at stadiums such as festivals, cultural dances, competitions as well as the beauty of the game itself like dribbling. (3) group affiliation, meaning is highly unlikely to see spectators watching games individually but rather with people as form of belonginess. (4) escape, spectators flocked to stadiums during the world to simply forget or get away from daily activities and challenges, and the last one (5) self-esteem, which highlight ego boosting in a sense that when one’s team does well it actually impacts on the spectators self-esteem. Factor loading
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah FUNK, D.C. & JAMES, J.D. 2004. The Fan Attitude Network (FAN) model: Exploring Attitude Formation and Change among Sport Consumers. Sport Management Review, 7:1-26. HILL, B. & GREEN, B.C. 2000. Repeat attendance as a function of involvement, loyalty and the sportscape across three football context. Sport Management Review, 3:145-162. KIM, N. & CHALIP, L. 2003. Why travel to the FIFA world cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25:695-707. McALLISTER, K.M. 2002. Analysis of sport crowd behaviour adapting Smelster’s theory of collective behaviour (Neil J. Smelster), Ed.D. dissertation, Boston University. McDONALD, M.A., MILNE, G.R. & HONG, J. 2002. Motivational factors for evaluating sport spectator and participant markets. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11 (2):100-113. NEALE, T. & FUNK, D. 2006. Investigating motivation, attitudinal loyalty and attendance behaviour with fans of Australian football. International Journal of Sport Marketing & Sponsorships, July.:307-316. ROBINSON, M.J., TRAIL, G.T., DICK, R.J. & GILLENTINE, A.J. 2005. Fans vs. spectators: An analysis of those who attend Intercollegiate Football Games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 14:43-53. SEANNE, W. 2000. Critical evaluation of the marketing strategy for the professional soccer league. MBA. Dissertation, Johannesburg, Milpark Business School. TRAIL, G.T. & JAMES, I.D. 2001. The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the Scales Psychometric Properties. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 24:108-127. WANN, L., SCHRADER, P. & WILSON, M. 1999. Sport fan motivation – Questionnaire Validation, Comparisons by Sport, and Relationship to Athletic Motivation. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 22:139-144. WANN, D. L. 1995. Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale, Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19: (377-396). 833
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Challenges in the Era of Globalizat
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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⎧κ ( ω) − ( 1− p) β ( ω)
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Academic Pry School 3 3 0 Backgroun
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Track 5: Management Education Chall
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-S
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Track 9: Global Studies and Politic
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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7. I see globalization as providing
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Factor Item Loading Imaginative 0.4
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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firms attained below average market
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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GOVERNMENT MoFED SECTORS Structure
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�− growth and represented by
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Results Challenges in the Era of Gl
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Input: Process, regulation Referenc
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CSOEs Statesponsored Agenda Resourc
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