Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Watermeyer, R. (2001). Looking upbeat on employment. Where black business lives: Enterprise: 24-30. Zungu, P. (2003). Catalysts of Change. Enterprise, July Vol. 6:10. 306
Abstract Gender, poverty and sustainable development in Nigeria Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah Ola E. Aluko, eoaluko@yahoo.com Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. The aim of this study is to access the effects of poverty and gender inequality on the environment. Gender inequalities in economic life has become a causal factor in the chronic poverty of all household members, not just of women in poor households and the intergenerational reproduction of poverty which should not be sustained. Gender inequality is strongly associated with human poverty. While poverty means not having enough to eat, a high rate of infant mortality, a low life expectancy, low educational opportunities, poor drinking water, inadequate health care, unfit housing and a lack of active participation in decision-making processes. The effects of all these are the consequences that poverty and gender inequality impose on the environment. When people affected by poverty are unable to lead a decent life, there is no doubt that there will be a decay of the city. And when there are inadequate and unfit housing, the condition of the environment often result to slums and ghettos, there will be the disaster of homelessness, unplanned and sprawl nature of city growth. These issues and many others are the basic consideration of this paper on how the good economic life could be sustained. Introduction This paper is not about gender issues in politics, economy and policy decision making, rather it is on the effects of gender inequality and poverty on the environment. That is, the assessment of the problems of households poverty caused by gender inequality and the effects on the environment. This is because poverty and environment are often seen as inextricably linked, with the need to eradicate poverty as an initial step to protecting the environment for it to be sustained. The rapid environmental degradation taking place in Nigeria is increasingly becoming a major threat and it is gradually changing the landscape destroying the sources of livelihood. That is why the problems of pollution and waste are getting more serious and complex in towns than in villages, and more in densely populated areas than in regions of sparse settlements. Also alarming is the fact that the poverty level in Nigeria has been extremely high, with about two thirds of the population below the poverty line in 1996 (FOS, 1999) and 75.5 per cent in 2004 (FOS, 2006), which aggregated into 70.7 per cent for urban areas, and 79.2 per cent for rural areas. The situation would have been worse but for the damping effect the period 1985 to 1992 had on poverty, when the rising trend of the earlier period was reversed, before the upward movement resumed again. Specifically, poverty level went up 50% between 1980 and 1985, going from 28.1% to 46.3%. Between 1985 and 1992, there was a drop of about 4 percentage points to 42.7%. However, by 1996, the level jumped to 65% an increase of more than 50% of the 1992 figures. Gender inequalities in economic life has become a causal factor in the chronic poverty of all household members, not just of women in poor households and the intergenerational reproduction of poverty. Maleheaded households were more likely to be in poverty. The trend results showed for male-headed households that relative incidence of poverty varied increasingly from 29.2 per cent to 58.2 per cent from 1996 to 2004. The results for the female-headed households also varied increasingly from 26.9 per cent to 43.5 per cent from 1998 to 2004 (FOS, 2006). Norms about child marriage of girls, gender biases against girls’ education, women’s limited mobility, women’s lack of control over fertility decisions, gender gaps 307
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Challenges in the Era of Globalizat
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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⎧κ ( ω) − ( 1− p) β ( ω)
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Assessment of pollutants in nigeria
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Academic Pry School 3 3 0 Backgroun
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Empirical Analysis Challenges in th
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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district hospitals: Evidence from N
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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7. I see globalization as providing
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Statement of the Problem Challenges
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Convenient location of banks Challe
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Figure 1.Framework for Bank selecti
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Banks in Ghana Challenges in the Er
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References: Challenges in the Era o
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Figure 5: Causal loop diagram inclu
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The study seeks to: • examine typ
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Figure 2: Customer Perception of MT
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Factor Item Loading Imaginative 0.4
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Methodology Challenges in the Era o
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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Average daily Internet hours z P-va
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GOVERNMENT MoFED SECTORS Structure
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Figure1.1Inflation and Indexation R
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Football Spectatorship Challenges i
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