Challenges in the Era of Globalization - iaabd

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Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference © 2011 IAABD Managing and Mitigating Supply Chain Blind Spots and Vulnerabilities in Nigerian Elections Abstract Chris I. Enyinda, Chris.enyinda@aamu.edu Alabama A & M University, USA Indy C. Enyindah, ice_enyindah@yahoo.com Rivers State College of Arts and Science, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Emmanuel Obuah, Emmanuel.obuah@aamu.edu Alabama A & M University, USA Organizations have gained competitive advantage through their logistics competencies or failed because of lack of them. Throughout history strategic logistics has been acknowledged to play prominent role in major world events such as military operations, peace time operations, World Cup, and Olympic Games. However, the logistics operations that support these events are increasingly subject to unpredictable and predictable disruptions. The Nigerian Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) supply chain logistics is not immune to disruptions. The recent disruptions in the Nigerian elections due to predictable and unpredictable supply chain blind spots generated significant media attention and other stakeholders’ criticism. Supply chain blind spots represent events that can disrupt flows of physical products/materials and information. The success of any electoral process depends on sound strategic supply chain logistics planning that takes into account the prevalence of today’s disruptive blind spots and vulnerabilities. The ability of C-Level executives to manage and mitigate supply chain blind spots effectively and efficiently can improve operational performance and stakeholders’ confidence. It is only those organizations that can identify blind spots sources and vulnerabilities and have developed predictive supply chain risk management and business continuity strategies will be successful. Organizations that neglect these imperatives do so at their peril. Introduction The INEC is an election management body created by the Nigerian Constitution to organize federal and state elections the country. Recently, INEC supply chain suffered a number of disruptions associated with such events as supply failure (suppliers’ failure to supply electoral materials and other logistics assets), supplier material quality failure, supply chain logistics breaches, hijacking of ballot papers, violence and terrorism in Northern Nigeria. These supply chain blind spots or events that led to the postponement of the elections made front-page news. The following are some of the front-page headlines. “…Jega’s logistics failure” (Akalugo, 2011). “Nigeria's elections postponed over logistical 'chaos” (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12944373). “Saturday polls shaky … Fears of possible shift loom over logistics problem” (Daily Sun, Wednesday, April 6, 2011); “refresh crisis brews over rescheduled elections…” (Nigerian Tribune, Wednesday, April 7, 2011); “Election suspended in 13 senatorial districts [and] 45 constituencies too” (Daily Sun, Friday, April 7, 2011) as a result of logistical challenges and shortsighted supply chain logistics planning. “Nigeria’s Parliamentary elections postponed due to massive logistics failure” (Sahara Reporters, April 2, 2011). “Nigeria: logistics problems – INEC postpones elections…” (Vanguard, April 2, 2011). “Nigerian elections suffers 574
Challenges in the Era of Globalization Edited by Emmanuel Obuah logistics…Reelection elections scheduled…” http://www.gistexpress.com/2011/04/03/ nigerian- elections-suffers-logistics-problems%E2%80%A6-re-election-scheduled/). “Logistics problems: the reason behind Nigerian general elections postponement…” (http://naijan.com/logisticsproblem-the-reason-behind-nigeria-general-election-postponement/). “NGO urges INEC to take care of logistical problems…” (http://radionigeriaibadan.com/index.php/news-item-5/561-ngourges-inec-to-take-care-of-logistical-problems.html). The INEC Chair, Professor Attahiru Jega, in his response to the supply chain logistics failures and the attendant postponement of the elections noted “we deeply regret this situation and apologize to Nigerians for the hardship this may have created… it is regrettable, it is unfortunate, it should not have happened. Under normal circumstances this kind of thing does not happen. Man proposes God disposes” (The Nation Newspaper, April 3, 2011). Indeed, the elections hiccup ought to have been mitigated if the proper supply chain logistics planning and proactive or predictive supply chain risk management were leveraged. The disruption in the elections supply chain logistics cannot be attributed to the proverbial ‘Man proposes, God disposes’ or force majeure events but attributable to man-made events – supply chain logistics breaches or sabotage, lack of supply chain management knowledge, poor supply chain logistics planning, shortsighted supply chain coordination and collaboration, limited supply chain information visibility, lack of predictive supply chain risk management know-how, among many others. Although dual sourcing or sourcing of elections materials from the local suppliers was not part of the initial logistics strategic plan, the INEC Chairman reacted to the logistics failures by turning to them to deliver the 19 million fresh ballot papers for the rescheduled elections. Elections logistics is that part of supply chain that involve planning, delivering, and controlling the flow of electorate commodities to polling stations as well as the information necessary to meet voters’ civic duties necessary to achieve free, fair, and credible elections. Providing logistics and supply chain management support for any elections is an event tantamount to military mobilization. Indeed, the Nigerian April 2011 elections can be viewed to be a large-scale non-military related, nationwide supply chain logistics footprint. It required the positioning of INEC’s 400,000 trained personnel to serve 60 million voters, 120, 000 polling stations located in 36 states and 774 local governments, and scores of international elections observers. To successfully meet the need of April 2011 elections requirements, it required “immense logistics challenges that [must] focus on planning, managing and executing the receipt, tracking, storage, transportation, distribution, installation and recovery of all materials related to” (Minis et al 2006) the upstream elections stakeholders and the logistics of polling stations. Indeed, in spite of the importance and the mandate to deliver free, fair, and credible elections and crucial role of logistics planning, the latter was not given well deserved attention by the election supply chain stakeholders. Arguably, efficient and effective (responsive) distribution logistics of elections commodities demands “ detailed planning of delivery and retrieval schedules, methods of transport to be used and shipping routes; efficient means of splitting bulk deliveries of supplies into separate shipments for each voting location; avoiding wastage, yet ensuring that all voting stations have sufficient supplies to service the voters; storage appropriate for maintaining stocks for election materials and equipment in good condition; adequate security for the specific environment; comprehensive tracking of the movements of all election materials and equipment as they go through the distribution and return chain” (http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/vo/vod). A combination of Nigeria’s significant supply chain logistics challenges and INEC’s lack of true supply chain visibility within and beyond its enterprise has been acknowledged. Supply chain logistics is a system of locations and activities that move physical products/materials from where they are produced to where they are needed. Christopher (1998) defined supply chain as a “network of organizations that are involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that 575
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Table of Contents Challenges in the
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Lennart Bangens, Goteborg, Sweden C
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Local Steering Committee Jacob Musi
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Track 1: Accounting, Finance, and I
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Abstract Challenges in the Era of G
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Abstract Determinants of Bank Lendi
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Empirical Results Challenges in the
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Table 3 Determinants of Competitive
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Research Findings Challenges in the
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Abstract: Study on Africa Governmen
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Abstract Challenges of Oil Revenue
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Abstract Land Based Sources of Poll
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Abstract On the Mitigation of Rever
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Figure 1: Lagos off shore survey po
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Table: Model Fitness Regression Sta
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Conclusion Challenges in the Era of
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37. Provision of sound education fo
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The cost structure Challenges in th
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Abstract The Changing Requirements
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The Model, Data and Variable Defini
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Track 8: Gender and Economic Develo
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Empirical results Challenges in the
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Abstract Gender, poverty and sustai
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Figure 1.1: Spread of directorships
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Theoretical Framework Challenges in
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Single 18.1 Masters and above 35.3
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Source: Field survey, 2010 Table 3:
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Conceptual Definitions Challenges i
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Conclusions and Implications Challe
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Abstract Exploring Organisational R
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Defining the Organisational Culture
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Table 1: A Summary of Operating Ban
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Discussion and Conclusion Challenge
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Abstract What does Globalization me
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Research Methods approach Challenge
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Relationship Commitment Total 1264.
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Figure 1: Components of Data Analys
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Abstract Marketing Nigerian medicin
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References Challenges in the Era of
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Conclusion Dissatisfied 6 3.4 3.6 7
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Abstract Customer satisfaction with
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Discussion Challenges in the Era of
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Postgraduate 19 Internet experience
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