Review of Pharmacology - 9E (2015)

Review of Pharmacology
236. Ans. (c) Prednisolone (Ref: KDT 6/e p232)
Prednisolone (corticosteroids) act through cytoplasmic receptors whereas thyroid hormones (T 3
, T 4
), retinoids (vitamin A)
and thiazolidinediones (like rosiglitazone) have nuclear receptors.
237. Ans. (b) Prednisolone (Ref: KK Sharma 2/e p573)
Osteoporosis is a common cause of pathological vertebral fractures. Chronic systemic use of corticosteroids like prednisolone
promotes osteoporosis and therefore may cause such fractures.
238. Ans. (a) Lactogenesis (Ref: Katzung 11/e p657)
• Important actions of oxytocin are:
• Contraction of uterine smooth muscle (directly by acting on GPCR and indirectly by release of PG and LTs).
• Milk ejection by contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding mammary alveoli.
• At high concentration; anti-diuretic and vasopressor action can be seen.
239. Ans. (a) Metformin (Ref: CMDT 2014/744)
Note: Lactogenesis is the action of prolactin (not oxytocin)
Endocrinology
• PCOD is also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome and is characterized by signs of androgen excess (hirsutism,
acne etc.), anovulation and polycystic ovaries on gynaecological USG.
• Pathogenesis of PCOD involves excessive production of male hormones (particularly testosterone) by ovaries
due to excessive LH release (by pituitary or by hyperinsulinemia).
• Hyperinsulinemia increases GnRH pulse frequency leading to excessive LH secretion.
• Weight loss by regular exercise, low glycemic index diet combined with insulin lowering drugs like metformin
can restore fertility in 85% of females.
• For females who don't respond to weight loss, metformin therapy may be helpful.
• Clomiphene is even more effective to restore fertility.
• Cyproterone acetate, flutamide or spironolactone can be used for the treatment of hirsutism and acne.
• If fertility is not required, oral contraceptives can be used for the treatment of menstrual irregularity.
240. Ans. (b) Insulin (Ref: KDT 6/e p259)
Insulin is administered by s.c. route.
241. Ans. (a) Spontaneous premature labour (Ref: KDT 6/e p321-323)
Note: Spotaneous premature labour is an indication for use of tocolytics and not oxytocin.
242. Ans. (a) Methyldopa (Ref: KDT 6/e p286, 404, 548)
243. Ans. (a) Alcohol intoxication (Ref: KDT 6/e p267)
244. Ans. (d) Orciprenaline (Ref: KDT 6/e p319)
245. Ans. (b) 6 (Ref: KDT 6/e p314)
246. Ans. (b) Increase calcium absorption from intestine (Ref: KDT 6/e p331)
247. Ans. (b) Induces uterine contractions (Ref: KDT 6/e p321)
248. Ans. (a) Is an oxytocin receptor antagonist (Ref: KDT 6/e p323)
249. Ans. (b) Terbutaline (Ref: KDT 6/e p731)
250. Ans. (b) Dopamine (Ref: KDT 6/e p323)
251. Ans. (d) Ketoconazole (Ref: KDT 6/e p287)
Answers of recent Questions asked by National Board
1. Ans (b) Ulipristal (Ref. KDT 7th/320)
2. Ans (c) Helps in insulin secretion (Ref. KDT 7th/270)
3. Ans (c) Leuprolide (Ref. KDT 7th/242)
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