Review of Pharmacology - 9E (2015)

Review of Pharmacology
• N 2
O has maximum MAC (104%) and is thus the least potent agent.
• Methoxyflurane is the most potent drug due to minimum value of MAC.
108. Ans. (d) Ketamine (Ref: KDT 6/e p376)
• Ketamine is an intravenous inducing agent. It acts by blocking NMDA receptors.
• Hallucinations, delirium and vivid dreams are important adverse effects that are seen during recovery from
anaesthesia (emergence reaction).
• It increases blood pressure, intraocular pressure and intracranial tension.
109. Ans. (a) Nitrous oxide (Ref: KDT 6/e p369)
Concentration effect, second gas effect and diffusion hypoxia are seen with inhalational agents used in high concentrations
(like N 2
O).
110. Ans. (b) Nitrous oxide (Ref: KDT 6/e p371)
• Nitrous oxide is not a complete anaesthetic (MAC 104%).
• It is a good analgesic but poor muscle relaxant.
111. Ans. (c) It is primarily used as a carrier and adjuvant to other anaesthetics (Ref: KDT 6/e p371)
112. Ans. (d) It is cheap and can be administered without anaesthetic machine (Ref: KDT 6/e p371)
• Ether is the only complete anaesthetic agent.
• It is highly inflammable and explosive.
• It has good analgesic and muscle relaxant action.
• It can be delivered by open method.
• It is a pungent smelling liquid.
• Induction of anaesthesia with ether is quite slow. All the four stages can be seen.
Anaesthesia
113. Ans. (a) Very good analgesic action (Ref: KDT 6/e p372)
• Newer inhalational anaesthetic agents like halothane, isoflurane etc. lack analgesic activity.
• All other advantages listed in the question are present in halothane.
114. Ans. (c) Halothane (Ref: KDT 6/e p372)
Rarely, halothane can cause malignant hyperthermia, which is treated with dantrolene
115. Ans. (a) Ketamine (Ref: KDT 6/e p376)
• Ketamine produces dissociative anaesthesia
• Neurolept analgesia is produced by fentanyl + droperidol
116. Ans. (a) Hypertensives (Ref: KDT 6/e p376)
• Ketamine is contra-indicated in hypertensives because it increases the blood pressure.
• It is the induction agent of choice for:
––
Asthmatics
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Shock
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Children
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Full stomach
• It possesses very powerful analgesic action.
• It can be used as a sole agent for minor procedures.
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117. Ans. (a) Analgesia (Ref: KDT 6/e p376)
• Ketamine is a powerful analgesic agent.
• It increases blood pressure, intraocular presure and intracranial tension.
• It does not depress CVS and respiratory system.
118. Ans. (c) Propofol (Ref: KDT 6/e p375)
Propofol is the most commonly used anaesthetic agent for ‘day care surgery’.
119. Ans. (c) Halothane (Ref: KDT 6/e p372)
• Halothane sensitizes the heart to arrhythmogenic action of catecholamines.
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