Review of Pharmacology - 9E (2015)

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Review of Pharmacology • Azathioprine is steroid sparing agent for pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, dermatomyositis, atopic dermatitis, SLE, psoriasis and Behcet’s disease. • 5-FU is used for actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Sun protection factor (SPF) defines a ratio of minimal dose of sunlight that produce erythema on skin with sunscreens to that without sunscreen. 5. Calcineurin inhibitors Cyclosporine is used for atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, lichen planus and pyoderma gangrenosum. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are other agents in this group. 6. Biological agents • Alefacept and efalizumab are aproved for moderate to severe psoriasis. • Etanercept is approved for psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. • Infliximab is approved for Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis and is in phase III trials for treatment of psoriasis. • Denileukin diftitox is indicated for advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Other Topics and Adverse Effects 7. Sunscreens These may protect from UV-A (avobenzone, oxybenzone, titanium oxide and zinc oxide) or UV-B (cinnamates, salicylates etc.). Sun protection factor (SPF) defines a ratio of minimal dose of sunlight that produce erythema on skin with sunscreens to that without sunscreen. It provides valuable information regarding UVB protection but is useless for UVA efficacy. 8. Other agents • Cholestasis associated pruritis may respond to cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid, ondansetron, rifampicin and nalmefene (opioid antagonist). • Pruritis of uremia is most effectively treated with UVB radiation. It may also respond to naltrexone and omeprazole. • Capsaicin is approved for the treatment of post herpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy. • Masoprocol is a potent 5-LOX inhibitor with antitumor activity effective for topical treatment of actinic keratosis. AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION • It is of two types Dry and wet. Dry form is most common but untreatable. Vitamin supplements with zinc, lutein and zeaxanthin may delay its progression. Wet form or neovascular ARMD is amenable to therapy. • Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (a radiosensitizer) is the approved therapy of neovascular ARMD. • New strategies include intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF compounds. These include pegaptanib, ranbizumab, aflibercept and bevacizumab. • Anecorvate is an angiogenesis inhibitor indicated for ARMD. 692 TREATMENT OF POISONINGS Poisoning Treatment 1. Ergot Alkaloids Nitroprusside 2. β-blockers Glucagon and Calcium 3. Organophosphates Atropine 4. Carbamates Atropine 5. Benzodiazepines Flumazenil 6. Zolpidem Flumazenil Contd... https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/
Other Topics and Adverse Effects Contd... Poisoning Treatment 7. Cyanide O 2 + Amyl nitrite + Sodium Thiosulphate 8. Hydrogen Sulfide Amyl nitrite 9. Carbon Monoxide Hyperbaric Oxygen 10. Methemoglobinemia High Dose O 2 + Methylene Blue 11. Ethylene Glycol Fomepizole 12. Iron Desferrioxamine 13. Methanol Fomepizole or ethanol 14. Salicylates Alkaline diuresis with sodium bicarbonate 15. Isoniazid Pyridoxine 16. Lithium Hemodialysis 17. Serotonin syndrome Cyproheptadine or chlorpromazine 18. Opioids Naloxone 19. Scorpion sting Prazosin 20. Acetaminophen N-acetylcysteine 21. Atropine Physostigmine 22. Calcium channel blockers Calcium 23. Theophylline/caffeine Esmolol CHELATING AGENTS Drug Uses in poisoning of 1. Dimercaprol (BAL) As, Pb, Hg, Au (contra-indicated in Fe and Cd poisoning) 2. Succimer Pb, As, Cd, Hg 3. Unithiol Hg, As, Pb 4. Calcium disodium EDTA Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg, Fe 5. DTPA Uranium, plutonium 6. Dicobalt EDTA Cyanide 7. D-penicillamine Cu, Wilson disease, Pb, Hg, cystinuria, scleroderma 8. Trientine Cu 9. Desferrioxamine Fe 10. Deferipirone (oral) Fe 11. Deferasirox (oral) Fe Other General Topics and Pharmacology Adverse Effects STREET NAMES OF SOME DRUGS OF ABUSE DRUG OF ABUSE Gamma Hydroxy butyrate (GHB) Phencyclidine and Ketamine Cocaine STREET NAME Liquid ecstasy Grievous bodily harm Angel dust Hog Special K Crack (vapour to be smoked) Contd... 693 https://kat.cr/user/Blink99/
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Review of Pharmacology Ninth Editio
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Dedicated to My parents, wife Prave
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Preface to the Ninth Edition We wan
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Acknowledgments When emotions are p
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References • Harrison’s Princip
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Contents 1. History of Pharmacology
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CHAPTER 1 History of pharmacology S
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CHAPTER 2 General Pharmacology Phar
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General Pharmacology Note: It is si
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General Pharmacology Drug metaboliz
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General Pharmacology Order of kinet
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General Pharmacology Therapeutic Dr
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General Pharmacology Fig. 2.4: G-pr
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General Pharmacology sigmoid shaped
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General Pharmacology Phase 1: Here,
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General Pharmacology 5. Essential m
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General Pharmacology (b) Bioavailab
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General Pharmacology (c) Are highly
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General Pharmacology (c) Strong aci
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General Pharmacology (a) 50 mg/hour
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General Pharmacology 140. Phamacoge
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General Pharmacology (c) Piroxicam
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206. Which of the following drugs s
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General Pharmacology 29. In which t
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General Pharmacology Explanations 1
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General Pharmacology • Other fact
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General Pharmacology -- Suppose, 10
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General Pharmacology 77. Ans. (a) W
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= 40 L × 4 mg/L = 160 mg Clearance
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General Pharmacology 126. Ans. (c)
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General Pharmacology 154. Ans. (d)
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General Pharmacology Intolerance is
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General Pharmacology 6. Ans. (b) b
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CHAPTER 3 Autonomic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System Functions
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Autonomic Nervous System • Carbac
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Autonomic Nervous System used for g
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Autonomic Nervous System -- Central
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Autonomic Nervous System • Theref
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Autonomic Nervous System • Eye: S
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Autonomic Nervous System • Dopami
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Autonomic Nervous System • Phenox
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Autonomic Nervous System Lipid Inso
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Autonomic Nervous System Drug of Ch
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Multiple Choice Questions Autonomic
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Autonomic Nervous System (c) Organo
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(c) Physostigmime (d) Hyoscine hydr
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Autonomic Nervous System (c) Tropic
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132. A drug that blocks the uptake
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165. Clonidine is used for: (Kolkat
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as an effective substitute which do
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Autonomic Nervous System 13. Which
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Autonomic Nervous System (c) Increa
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Autonomic Nervous System 9. Ans. (a
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Autonomic Nervous System 39. Ans. (
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Autonomic Nervous System - Temazepa
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Autonomic Nervous System 103. Ans.
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Autonomic Nervous System have no ef
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Autonomic Nervous System 23. Ans. (
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CHAPTER 4 Autacoids These are the s
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Autacoids All second generation ant
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Autacoids v v v v v Calcium channel
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Autacoids nary bypass. It can also
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Autacoids to presence of sulfur con
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Autacoids Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheu
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Autacoids It is a monoclonal antibo
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Autacoids Drug of choice Condition
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15. Anti-vertigo drug which modulat
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49. Sumatriptan is: (DPG 1999, TN 2
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81. All of the following effects ar
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114. Which prostaglandin helps in c
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Autacoids 148. Which of the followi
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Autacoids 30. A 15 year old boy was
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Autacoids 16. Ans. (b) Dangerous ve
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Autacoids 56. Ans. (c) Cyclooxygena
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Autacoids 85. Ans. (b) Aspirin supp
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Autacoids 125. Ans. (b) Indomethaci
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Autacoids 13. Ans. (a) Naproxen (Re
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CHAPTER 5 Cardiovascular System CON
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Cardiovascular System In atrial fib
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Cardiovascular System Treatment of
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Cardiovascular System should be use
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Cardiovascular System tive α 1 blo
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Cardiovascular System nifedipine an
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Cardiovascular System Treatment of
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Cardiovascular System ANGINA PECTOR
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Cardiovascular System BETA BLOCKERS
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Cardiovascular System The action po
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Cardiovascular System depolarized c
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Cardiovascular System • Digoxin i
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Cardiovascular System Contd... •
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Cardiovascular System DRUG OF CHOIC
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15. Digoxin toxicity is aggravated
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(c) Treat digoxin toxicity (d) Rapi
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(c) Decreases sodium and increases
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Cardiovascular System 113. All of t
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146. Which of the following drugs i
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Cardiovascular System 180. Characte
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213. In a patient with hypertriglyc
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247. ACE inhibitors cause: (PGI Dec
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Cardiovascular System 16. Dialysis
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Cardiovascular System 53. Which of
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• Nesiritide is a recombinant BNP
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Cardiovascular System 43. Ans. (d)
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Cardiovascular System 81. Ans. (a)
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Cardiovascular System -- Hypertensi
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Cardiovascular System Cyanide has v
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Cardiovascular System 13. Ans (b) P
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CHAPTER 6 Kidney Diuretics Diuretic
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Kidney Uses Main use of loop diuret
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Kidney • Amiloride is more potent
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Kidney Amiloride It is the agent of
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Kidney Multiple Choice Questions di
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30. Which of the following statemen
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66. Advantage of desmopressin over
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Kidney Explanations 1. Ans. (b) Hyp
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16. Ans. (b) Bumetanide (Ref: KDT 6
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Kidney 55. Ans (d) V 4 : Central Ne
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CHAPTER 7 Endocrinology Hormones ar
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Endocrinology Prolactin It causes g
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Endocrinology • In the liver and
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Endocrinology I 131 can be used for
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Endocrinology Drug interactions •
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Endocrinology Lactic acidosis (more
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Endocrinology 3. amylin analogs Pra
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Endocrinology Important Points Maxi
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Endocrinology • Steroids with sel
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Endocrinology • Vitamin D 2 is er
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Endocrinology Denosumab Osteoclasts
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Endocrinology • SERMs are targete
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Endocrinology Contd... • Uliprist
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Endocrinology only pills. Chances o
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Endocrinology Pharmacokinetics Test
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Endocrinology Ergot Derivatives Erg
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Endocrinology Contd... • Hyperpro
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completion of therapy, the patient
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(c) Glucose (d) Starch 47. True abo
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(c) Na + exit/K + entry (d) K + ent
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Endocrinology 113. Which of the fol
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147. Bisphosphonates act by: (AI 20
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180. Women receiving estrogen thera
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(c) Clomiphene (d) Mifepristone (RU
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246. Mechanism of Calcitriol is: (R
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Endocrinology 32. Drug used to cont
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(b) Glimepiride (c) Repaglinide (d)
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Endocrinology Explanations 1. Ans.
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Endocrinology 24. Ans. (c) Propylth
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Endocrinology • When this drug is
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Endocrinology Hypoglycemia is cause
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Endocrinology Drugs causing Addison
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Endocrinology Raloxifene is a selec
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Endocrinology • Enzyme inducers l
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Endocrinology 197. Ans. (b) Blocks
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Endocrinology A spider angioma (als
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Endocrinology 4. Ans (c) Glaucoma (
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Endocrinology 70. Ans. (c) Mifepris
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NOTES _____________________________
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CHAPTER 8 Central Nervous System Se
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Central Nervous System It is admini
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Central Nervous System • Abnormal
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Central Nervous System useful in AD
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Central Nervous System Wilson’s D
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Central Nervous System Important Dr
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Central Nervous System • Lamotrig
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Central Nervous System play a role
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Central Nervous System According to
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Central Nervous System bulimia, pre
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Central Nervous System Anti Manic D
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Central Nervous System dependence,
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Central Nervous System increase hea
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Central Nervous System Actions •
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Central Nervous System Contd... •
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(c) Alkalization of the urine will
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Central Nervous System (c) Ketamine
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79. Drug of choice for myoclonic ep
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(c) Phenytoin (d) Valproic acid 112
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146. Which of the following antipsy
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(c) Regular measurements of blood c
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210. A patient Rajnish having depre
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242. Drug useful in malignant hyper
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279. Preferred drug for alcohol wit
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314. Morphine can administered by a
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(c) Analgesia (d) Mydriasis 348. Di
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17. Antiparkinson drug known to cau
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53. Which drug is the most useful i
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Central Nervous System 15. Ans. (c)
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Central Nervous System 39. Ans. (b)
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67. Ans. (a) Phenytoin (Ref: Katzun
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97. Ans. (a) Hepatitis (Ref: KDT 6/
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Central Nervous System 145. Ans (c)
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Central Nervous System 159. Ans. (d
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Central Nervous System 187. Ans. (b
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Central Nervous System 212. Ans. (a
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Central Nervous System 258. Ans. (a
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Central Nervous System 303. Ans. (c
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Central Nervous System 326. Ans. (c
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Central Nervous System 60. Ans. (a)
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CHAPTER 9 Anaesthesia Local Anaesth
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Anaesthesia trigeminal nerve, cervi
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Anaesthesia Centrally Acting Muscle
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Anaesthesia • These drugs release
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Anaesthesia Anaesthetic MAC (% atm)
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Anaesthesia Methemoglobinemia and l
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Anaesthesia Chloroform • It is a
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Anaesthesia Contd... • It does no
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Anaesthesia Anaesthetic agents of c
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Anaesthesia Multiple Choice Questio
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33. Post dural (Spinal) puncture he
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(b) Dantrolene (c) Succinylcholine
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103. Which of the following drugs a
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Anaesthesia 138. Thiopental sodium
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Anaesthesia Explanations 1. Ans (c)
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Anaesthesia 20. Ans. (d) Seizures a
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Anaesthesia 49. Ans. (b) Meprobamat
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Anaesthesia • The patient underwe
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Anaesthesia 91. Ans. (b) Sevofluran
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Anaesthesia • In pheochromocytoma
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CHAPTER 10 Hematology HAEMATINICS T
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Hematology • Deficiency of folic
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Hematology • Main drugs acting as
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Hematology 1. Oral Anticoagulants
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Hematology • Bioavailability of u
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Hematology • Rodenticides contain
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Hematology Condition • Anemia Dru
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(c) Erythropoietin (d) Filgrastim (
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Hematology 46. Tirofiban is a: (RJ
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80. The anticoagulant of choice in
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6. Mechanism of action of clopidogr
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Hematology Explanations 1. Ans. (c)
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Hematology 17. Ans. (d) Oprelvekin
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Hematology 51. Ans. (a) Dabigatran:
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Hematology 71. Ans. (c) Warfarin (R
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Hematology 106. Ans. (c) Streptokin
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CHAPTER 11 Respiratory System Cough
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Respiratory System fast acting also
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Respiratory System LT receptor anta
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Respiratory System Condition • Br
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17. The most prominent and dose rel
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Respiratory System 52. In theophyll
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Respiratory System Explanations 1.
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Respiratory System • Inhalational
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CHAPTER 12 Gastrointestinal Tract P
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Gastrointestinal Tract Contd... --
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Gastrointestinal Tract Anti Emetic
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Gastrointestinal Tract Domperidone
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Gastrointestinal Tract Oral Rehydra
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Gastrointestinal Tract Condition
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(c) Misoprostol (d) Omeprazole 15.
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49. The most effective antiemetic f
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Gastrointestinal Tract recent Quest
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Gastrointestinal Tract Explanations
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Gastrointestinal Tract 30. Ans. (b)
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Gastrointestinal Tract 1. EarlyPhas
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Gastrointestinal Tract 17. Ans. (c)
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CHAPTER 13 Chemotherapy A: General
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Chemotherapy A: General Considerati
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contd... Drugs Binds to Mechanism o
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Contd... Chemotherapy A: General Co
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Clinical Uses Chemotherapy A: Gener
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Important Points About Antimicrobia
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128. Ans. (b) Trovafloxacin (Goodma
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CHAPTER 14 Chemotherapy B: Antimicr
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Chemotherapy B: Antimicrobials for
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Clofazimine It is a dye with lepros
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Foscarnet It is not an antimetaboli
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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16. Bactericidal drugs in ATT are:
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50. Ethambutol should be used very
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120. Regarding ritonavir use in AID
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ACTs). All of the following combina
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ecent Questions asked by National B
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Explanations Chemotherapy B: Antimi
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25. Ans. (b) Ethionamide (Ref: KDT
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CHAPTER 15 Chemotherapy C: Antineop
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Chemotherapy C: Antineoplastic Drug
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Chemotherapy C: Antineoplastic Drug
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Page 657 and 658: GnRH Antagonists Cetrorelix, ganire
Page 659 and 660: This drug was used in 1960s as a se
Page 663 and 664: Multiple Choice Questions Chemother
Page 665 and 666: 37. Which of the following statemen
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Page 689 and 690: Immunomodulators Examples of each t
Page 691 and 692: Immunomodulators Clinical Diagnosis
Page 693 and 694: (b) Podophylline (c) Interferon (d)
Page 695 and 696: (c) Cytarabine (d) Cycloserine 51.
Page 697 and 698: Immunomodulators Explanations 1. An
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Page 701 and 702: Immunomodulators 33. Ans. (a) Gluco
Page 703: CHAPTER 17 Other Topics and Adverse
Page 707 and 708: Other Topics and Adverse Effects Co
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Page 715 and 716: Other Topics and Adverse Effects (c
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Page 727 and 728: CHAPTER 18 Drugs of Choice Drug of
Page 729 and 730: Drugs of Choice Contd... Hypertensi
Page 731 and 732: Contd... VRSA LINEZOLID/STREPTOGRAM
Page 733 and 734: CHAPTER 19 New Drugs 1. Abatacept:
Page 735 and 736: New Drugs 52. Canakinumab: A human
Page 737 and 738: New Drugs 100. Ecallantide: A plasm
Page 739 and 740: New Drugs 153. Laronidase: Recombin
Page 741 and 742: New Drugs 204. Peginesatide: A pept
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Page 745 and 746: New Drugs and B lymphocytes after e
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Page 749 and 750: CHAPTER 20 Recent Topics TRICYCLIC
Page 751 and 752: Recent Topics 2. Drugs 5-HT 2 recep
Page 753 and 754: Recent Topics Arginine NOS NO + Cit
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Recent Topics Contd... Drug Tetracy
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Recent Topics -- If the patient has
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CHAPTER 21 Latest Papers AIIMS Nove
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Latest Papers explanations 1. Ans.
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• Clindamycin and erythromycin ar
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Latest Papers AIIMS May 2014 1. Whi
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Latest Papers explanations 1. Ans.
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13. Ans. a. Hypokalemia (Ref: Harri
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NOTES _____________________________
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Image Based Questions https://kat.c
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Image Based Questions 1. The result
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5. A new antiarrhythmic drug is fou
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10. Amarnath, a 58 year old busines
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14. A 72-year-old male, Hemraj was
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(rapid vs slow induction of anesthe
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