Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA
119
found difference in agrarian and agricultural conditions, the
ratio between the top group of the peasantry and the bottom is
everywhere the same. If, however, we compare the different
localities, in some we see with particular clarity the formation
of rural entrepreneurs from among the peasants and in
others we see the formation of a rural proletariat. It goes
without saying that in Russia, as in every other capitalist
country, the latter aspect of the process of differentiation
embraces an incomparably larger number of small cultivators
(and very likely a larger number of localities) than the former.
VII. ZEMSTVO STATISTICS FOR NIZHNI-NOVGOROD
GUBERNIA
For three uyezds of Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia—the
Knyaginin, Makaryev and Vasil uyezds—the Zemstvo houseto-house
census returns have been reduced to one table, which
divides the peasant farms (only allotment-holding and only
of peasants living in their own villages) into five groups
according to draught animals held (Material for the Evaluation
of the Lands of Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia. Economic Section.
Vols. IV, IX and XII, Nizhni-Novgorod, 1888, 1889, 1890).
Combining these three uyezds, we get the following data on
the groups of households (in the three uyezds mentioned the
data cover 52,260 households and 294,798 persons of both
sexes. Allotment land—433,593 dess., purchased—51,960
dess., rented—86,007 dess., counting all kinds of rented
land, allotment and non-allotment, arable and meadow land;
land leased out—19,274 dess.):
Groups
of householders
% of households
Persons of both
sexes per household
% of population
of both sexes
Dess. per
household
Allot- Pur- % of Total Total
ment chased total land animals
land land land in use
by group
% of total
Horseless 30.4 4.1 22.2 5.1 18.6 5.7 3.3 81.7 4.4 13.1 0.6 7.2
With 1 horse 37.5 5.3 35.2 8.1 36.6 18.8 25.1 12.4 9.4 34.1 2.4 33.7
” 2 horses 22.5 6.9 27.4 10.5 28.5 29.3 38.5 3.8 13.8 30.2 4.3 34.9
” 3 ” 7.3 8.4 10.9 13.2 11.6 22.7 21.2 1.2 21.0 14.8 6.2 16.5
” 4 and more 2.3 10.2 4.3 16.4 4.7 23.5 11.9 0.9 34.6 7.8 9.0 7.7
Total 100 5.6 100 8.3 100 100 100 100 10.3 100 2.7 100
% of total
Rented
Leased out
Dess. per
household
% of total
No. per
household
% of total