Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA
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have moved up from the bottom to the top places and have
supplanted the old industrial centres. Let us observe that these
data, too, reveal the particularly rapid growth of the industries
producing articles of productive consumption, namely,
the mining and metallurgical industries. In 1875-78 these
industries employed 1,040 steam-engines with a total of
22,966 h.p. (in European Russia) and in 1890 1,960 steamengines
with a total of 74,204 h.p., i.e., an increase in 14
years that exceeds the increase in the total number of steamengines
in industry as a whole in 16 years. The industries
producing means of production constitute an ever-growing
part of industry as a whole.*
VII. THE GROWTH OF LARGE FACTORIES
The unsatisfactory nature of our factory statistics, as
demonstrated above, has compelled us to resort to more
complex calculations in order to determine the development
of large-scale machine industry in Russia since the Reform.
We have selected data for 1866, 1879, 1890 and 1894-95
on the largest factories, namely, those with 100 and
more workers per establishment.** Outside workers are
strictly separated only in the data of the List for 1894-95;
* The progress made in the employment of steam-engines in
Russia since 1892 may be seen from the fact that in 1904, according to
the factory inspectors’ reports, there were in 64 gubernias 27,579
factory steam-boilers; the total, not including those employed in
agriculture, was 31,887. (Note to 2nd edition.)
** Sources: The Ministry of Finance Yearbook, I (data only for
71 trades); Directories, first and third editions—data for all trades,
as well as those in the List; but for a comparison of the data in the List
and in the Directory, the manufacture of rails must be omitted from
the trades given in the latter establishments for which home workers
were included among the factory workers are omitted. In some cases
the inclusion of home workers is specifically indicated in footnotes
in the publications mentioned; in others the fact emerges from a comparison
of the data for different years: cf., for instance, the data on
cotton weaving in Saratov Gubernia for 1879, 1890, and 1894-95.
(Cf. Chapter VI, §II, 1.)—Sinzheimer (Ueber die Grenzen der Weiterbildung
des fabrikmässigen Grossbetriebes in Deutschland, Stuttgart,
1893) [On the Limits of Extension of Large-Scale Factory Production
in Germany, Stuttgart, 1893.—Ed.] classifies under large factories
enterprises with 50 and more workers. We do not think this standard
low, but owing to the difficulties involved in calculating Russian
data, we have had to limit ourselves to the largest factories.