Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

548
V. I. LENIN
The settled character of the population is typical of the
first two stages of industrial development. The small
industrialist, remaining a peasant, is bound to his village by
his farm. The artisan under manufacture is usually tied to
the small, isolated industrial area which is created by manufacture.
In the very system of industry at the first and
second stages of its development there is nothing to disturb
this settled and isolated condition of the producer. Intercourse
between the various industrial areas is rare. The
transfer of industry to other areas is due only to the migration
of individual small producers, who establish new small
industries in the outlying parts of the country. Large-scale
machine industry, on the other hand, necessarily creates
mobility of the population; commercial intercourse between
the various districts grows enormously; railways facilitate
travel. The demand for labour increases on the whole—
rising in periods of boom and falling in periods of crisis, so
that it becomes a necessity for workers to go from one factory
to another, from one part of the country to another. Largescale
machine industry creates a number of new industrial
centres, which grow up with unprecedented rapidity,
sometimes in unpopulated places, a thing that would be
impossible without the mass migration of workers. Further on
we shall speak of the dimensions and the significance of
the so-called outside non-agricultural industries. At the
moment we shall limit ourselves to a brief presentation of
Zemstvo sanitation statistics for Moscow Gubernia. An
inquiry among 103,175 factory workers showed that 53,238, or
51.6% of the total, were born in the uyezd in which they
worked. Hence, nearly half the workers had migrated from
one uyezd to another. The number of workers who were born
in Moscow Gubernia was 66,038, or 64%.* More than a third
of the workers came from other gubernias (chiefly from
gubernias of the central industrial zone adjacent to Moscow
addition to food and tea, gets earnings which enable ... her to live
away from the family and to do without the family’s income from the
land.... Moreover, the woman worker’s earnings in machine industry,
under present conditions, are more secure.”
* In the less industrialised Smolensk Gubernia, an inquiry among
5,000 factory workers showed that 80% of them were natives of that
gubernia (Zhbankov, loc. cit., II, 442).