Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATION OF THE HOME MARKET We now have to sum up the data examined in the preceding chapters and to try to give an idea of the interdependence of the various spheres of the national economy in their capitalist development. I. THE GROWTH OF COMMODITY CIRCULATION It is well known that commodity circulation precedes commodity production and constitutes one of the conditions (but not the sole condition) of the rise of the latter. In the present work we have confined ourselves to an examination of data on commodity and capitalist production, and for that reason do not intend to deal in detail with the important problem of the growth of commodity circulation in post-Reform Russia. In order to give a general idea of how rapidly the home market has grown, the following brief data will suffice. The length of the Russian railway system increased from 3,819 kilometres in 1865 to 29,063 km. in 1890,* i.e., more than 7-fold. Similar progress was made by Britain in a longer period (1845—4,082 km.; 1875—26,819 km., a 6-fold increase), by Germany in a shorter period (1845— 2,143 km.; 1875—27,981 km., a 12-fold increase). The length of new railway opened per year differed considerably in different periods; for example, in the 5 years 1868-1872 * Uebersichten der Weltwirtschaft (Surveys of World Economy.— Ed.), loc. cit. In 1904 the length was 54,878 kilometres in European Russia (including the Kingdom of Poland, the Caucasus and Finland) and 8,351 in Asiatic Russia. (Note to 2nd edition.)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA 553 8,806 versts of new railway were opened and in the 5 years 1878-1882, only 2,221.* The extent of this fluctuation enables us to judge what an enormous reserve army of unemployed is required by capitalism, which now expands, and then contracts the demand for labour. There have been two boom periods in railway development in Russia: the end of the 60s (and the beginning of the 70s), and the latter half of the 90s. From 1865 to 1875, the average annual increase in the length of the Russian railway system was 1,500 kilometres, and from 1893 to 1897, about 2,500 kilometres. The amount of railway freight carried was as follows: 1868—439 million poods; 1873—1,117 million poods; 1881—2,532 million poods; 1893—4,846 million poods; 1896—6,145 million poods; 1904—11,072 million poods. No less rapid has been the growth of passenger traffic: 1868— 10.4 million passengers; 1873—22.7; 1881—34.4; 1893— 49.4; 1896—65.5; 1904—123.6 million.** The development of water transport is as follows (data for the whole of Russia):*** Years Carrying capaci- Value of craft Steamersty in million (million poodsrubles) Number Total h. p. Number of other craft steam other craft Total Number of men in crews 1868 646 47,313 — — — — — — — — — — 1884 1,246 72,105 20,095 6.1 362 368.1 48.9 32.1 81 18,766 94,099 112,865 1890 1,824 103,206 20,125 9.2 401 410.2 75.6 38.3 113.9 25,814 90,356 116,170 1895 2,539 129,759 20,580 12.3 526.9 539.2 97.9 46.0 143.9 32,689 85,608 118,297 * V. Mikhailovsky, The Development of the Russian Railway System in Transactions of Free Economic Society, 1898, No. 2. ** Military Statistical Abstract, 511.— Mr. N. —on, Sketches, appendix to Productive Forces, XVII, p. 67.—Vestnik Finansov, 1898, No. 43.—Yearbook of Russia for 1905, St. Petersburg, 1906. *** Military Statistical Abstract, 445.—Productive Forces, XVII, 42.—Vestnik Finansov, 1898, No. 44. steam other craft Total steam other craft Total
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
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26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
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28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
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32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
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34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
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40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
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42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
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44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
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46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
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48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
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52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
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54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
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56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
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58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
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60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
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62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
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64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
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66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
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68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
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70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
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72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
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76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
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78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
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80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
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82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
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84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
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86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
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94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
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96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
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98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
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100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
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114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
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118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
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120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
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124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
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200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
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202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
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206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
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212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
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236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
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238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
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254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
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300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
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306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
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310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
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366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
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370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
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372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
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374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
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376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
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382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
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384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
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388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
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392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
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398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
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400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
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402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
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406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
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408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
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410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
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412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
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414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
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416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
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418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
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420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
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422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
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424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
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426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
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428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
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430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
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432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
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434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
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438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
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440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
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442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
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444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
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446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
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448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
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450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
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452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
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454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
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456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
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458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
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460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
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462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
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464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
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466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
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468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
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470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
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472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
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474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
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476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
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478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
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480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
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482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
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484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
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486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
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488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
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490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
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492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
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494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
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496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
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498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
Page 520 and 521: 502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
Page 522 and 523: 504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
Page 524 and 525: 506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
Page 526 and 527: 508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
Page 528 and 529: 510 Largest factories in European R
Page 530: 512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
Page 534 and 535: 516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
Page 536 and 537: 518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
Page 538 and 539: 520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541: 522 Leading centres of factory indu
Page 542 and 543: 524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
Page 544 and 545: 526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547: 528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
Page 548 and 549: 530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
Page 550 and 551: 532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
Page 552 and 553: 534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555: 536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
Page 556 and 557: 538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
Page 558 and 559: 540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
Page 560 and 561: 542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
Page 562 and 563: 544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
Page 564 and 565: 546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
Page 566 and 567: 548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
Page 568 and 569: 550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
Page 572 and 573: 554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
Page 574 and 575: 556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
Page 576: 558 Population of European No. of t
Page 580 and 581: 562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
Page 582 and 583: 564 Population (thousands) Urban %
Page 584 and 585: 566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587: 568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
Page 588 and 589: 570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
Page 590 and 591: 572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
Page 592 and 593: 574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
Page 594 and 595: 576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
Page 596 and 597: 578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
Page 598 and 599: 580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
Page 600 and 601: 582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
Page 602 and 603: 584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
Page 604 and 605: 586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
Page 606 and 607: 588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609: 590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
Page 610 and 611: 592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
Page 612 and 613: 594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615: 596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
Page 616 and 617: 598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
Page 618 and 619: 600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
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640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
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642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
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648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
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652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
show all

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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