Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

276
Groups of
households
V. I. LENIN
18 uyezds of St. Petersburg,
Moscow, Tver and Smolensk
gubernias
No. of
households
%
No. of
cows
St. Petersburg Gubernia,
6 uyezds
Households
with no cows59,336 20.5 — — — 15,196 21.2 — — —
” ” 1 cow 91,737 31.7 91,737 19.8 1 17,579 24.6 17,579 13.5 1
” ” 2 cows 81,937 28.4 163,874 35.3 2 20,050 28.0 40,100 31.0 2
” ” 3 cows
and more 56,069 19.4 208,735 44.9 3.7 18,676 26.2 71,474 55.5 3.8
Total . . . . 289,079 100 464,346 100 1.6 71,501 100 129,153 100 1.8
Thus, the distribution of cows among the peasants in
the non-black-earth belt is found to be very similar to the
distribution of draught animals among the peasants in the
black-earth gubernias (see Chapter II). Moreover, the concentration
of dairy cattle in the area described proves to
be greater than the concentration of draught animals. This
clearly points to the fact that it is with the local form of
commercial farming that the differentiation of the peasantry
is closely connected. The same connection is evidently indicated
by the following data (unfortunately, not sufficiently
complete). If we take the aggregate Zemstvo statistics
(given by Mr. Blagoveshchensky; for 122 uyezds of 21 gubernias),
we get an average of 1.2 cows per household.
Hence, in the non-black-earth belt the peasantry evidently
own more cows than in the black-earth belt, and in Petersburg
Gubernia they are better off than in the non-blackearth
belt in general. On the other hand, in 123 uyezds of
22 gubernias the cattleless households constitute 13%,
while in the 18 uyezds we have taken, they amount to 17%,
and in the 6 uyezds of Petersburg Gubernia 18.8%. Hence,
the differentiation of the peasantry (in the respect we are
now examining) is most marked in Petersburg Gubernia,
followed by the non-black-earth belt in general. By this
indication, commercial farming is the principal factor in
the differentiation of the peasantry.
The data show that about half the peasant households
(those having no cows, or one cow) can take only a
%
Cows per
household
No. of
households
%
No. of
cows
%
Cows per
household