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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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572<br />

V. I. LENIN<br />

identity cards were issued in European Russia,* and passport<br />

revenue grew between 1884 and 1894 by more than<br />

one-third (from 3.3 <strong>to</strong> 4.5 million rubles). In 1897 the <strong>to</strong>tal<br />

number <strong>of</strong> passports and cards issued in Russia was<br />

9,495,700 (<strong>of</strong> which 9,333,200 were issued in the 50 gubernias<br />

<strong>of</strong> European Russia). In 1898 the number was 8,259,900<br />

(European Russia, 7,809,600).** The number <strong>of</strong> workers<br />

superfluous (as compared with local demand) in European<br />

Russia has been estimated by Mr. S. Korolenko at 6.3 million.<br />

Above we have seen (Chapter III, § IX, p. 239) that in<br />

11 agricultural gubernias the number <strong>of</strong> passports issued<br />

exceeded Mr. Korolenko’s estimate (2 million as against<br />

1.7 million). Now we can add the data for 6 non-agricultural<br />

gubernias: Mr. Korolenko sets the number <strong>of</strong> superfluous<br />

workers in these at 1,287,800, while the number <strong>of</strong><br />

passports issued was 1,298,600.*** Thus, in 17 gubernias <strong>of</strong><br />

European Russia (11 black-earth, plus 6 non-blackearth)<br />

there are, according <strong>to</strong> Mr. Korolenko, 3 million<br />

workers who are superfluous (as against the local<br />

demand). In the 90s, however, the number <strong>of</strong> passports and<br />

cards issued in these 17 gubernias was 3.3 million. In 1891,<br />

these gubernias provided 52.2% <strong>of</strong> the <strong>to</strong>tal passport<br />

revenue. Hence, the number <strong>of</strong> migra<strong>to</strong>ry workers in all<br />

probability exceeds 6 million. Finally, Zemstvo statistical<br />

data (most <strong>of</strong> which are obsolete) led Mr. Uvarov <strong>to</strong> the<br />

conclusion that Mr. Korolenko’s figure was close <strong>to</strong> the<br />

truth, and that the figure <strong>of</strong> 5 million migra<strong>to</strong>ry workers<br />

was “very highly probable.”****<br />

* L. Vesin, The Significance <strong>of</strong> Industries Employing Migra<strong>to</strong>ry<br />

Workers, etc., Dyelo (Business), 1886, No. 7, and 1887, No. 2.<br />

** Statistics <strong>of</strong> Excise-Paying Trades, etc., for 1897-1898, St.<br />

Petersburg, 1900. Published by Head Office <strong>of</strong> Non-Assessed Taxes<br />

Department.<br />

*** Gubernias: Moscow (1885, obsolete data), Tver (1896),<br />

Kostroma (1892), Smolensk (1895), Kaluga (1895), Pskov (1896).<br />

The sources have been indicated above. The data refer <strong>to</strong> all departure<br />

permits, male and female.<br />

**** Vestnik obshchestvennoi gigieny, sudebnoi i prakticheskoi<br />

meditsiny (Journal <strong>of</strong> Public Hygiene and <strong>of</strong> Forensic and Practical<br />

Medicine), July, 1896. M. Uvarov: The Influence <strong>of</strong> Industry Employing<br />

Migra<strong>to</strong>ry Workers on the Sanitary Conditions <strong>of</strong> Russia. M. Uvarov<br />

gathered the data for 126 uyezds <strong>of</strong> 20 gubernias.

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