Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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414 V. I. LENIN that despite the enormous differences between the three Gzhel industries: pottery, porcelain and decorative, these differences disappear as we pass from one grade of establishment to another in each industry, and we get a series of workshops of successively increasing dimensions. Here are the average numbers of workers per establishment according to grade in these three industries: 2.4—4.3—8.4— 4.4.—7.9—13.5—18—69—226.4. In other words, the workshops range from the very smallest to the very biggest. There is no doubt that the big establishments belong to the category of capitalist manufacture (inasmuch as they have not introduced machines, have not developed into factories); what is important, however, is not only this, but also that the small establishments are connected with the big ones; that we have a single system of industry here and not separate workshops of one or other type of economic organisation. “Gzhel constitutes a single economic whole” (Isayev, loc. cit., 138), and the big workshops in the district have grown slowly and gradually out of the small ones (ibid., 121). The work is done by hand,* with considerable division of labour: among the potters we find wheel hands (specialising in different sorts of pottery), kilnmen, etc., and sometimes special workers for preparing colours. In the manufacture of porcelain-ware division of labour is extremely detailed: crushers, wheel hands, feeders, kilnmen, decorators, etc. The wheel hands even specialise in the various kinds of porcelain ware (cf. Isayev, loc. cit., 140: in one case division of labour increases productivity of labour by 25%). The decorators’ shops work for the porcelain makers and are, therefore, only departments of the latter’s manufactories, performing a special detailed operation. It is characteristic of developed capitalist manufacture that physical strength itself becomes a speciality. Thus, in Gzhel, some of the villages are engaged * Let us observe that in this industry, as in the above-described weaving industries, capitalist manufacture is, strictly speaking, the economy of yesterday. Characteristic of the post-Reform era is the transformation of this manufacture into large-scale machine industry. The number of Gzhel potteries using steam-engines was 1 in 1866, 2 in 1879 and 3 in 1890 (according to data in The Ministry of Finance Yearbook, Vol. I, and Directory for 1879 and 1890).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA 415 (almost to a man) in clay digging; for heavy work not requiring special skill (grinding), workers from the Tula and Ryazan gubernias are employed almost exclusively, being superior in strength and vigour to the not very robust Gzhelians. Payment in goods is widely practised. Agriculture is in a bad way. “The Gzhelians are a degenerating race” (Isayev, 168)—weak-chested, narrow-shouldered, feeble; the decorators lose their sight at an early age, etc. Capitalist division of labour breaks up the worker and deforms him. The working day is from 12 to 13 hours. 8) T h e M e t a l T r a d e s. T h e P a v l o v o I n d u s t r i e s The celebrated Pavlovo lock and cutlery industries cover the whole of Gorbatov Uyezd, Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia, and Murom Uyezd, Vladimir Gubernia. These industries originated very long ago. Smirnov states that as far back as 1621 there were (according to the cadastres137 ) 11 smithies in Pavlovo. By the middle of the 19th century these industries constituted a far-flung network of fully developed capitalist relations. After the Reform, the industries in this district continued to develop and expand. According to the Zemstvo census of 1889, in Gorbatov Uyezd 13 volosts and 119 villages were engaged in industry; a total of 5,953 households, 6,570 male workers (54% of the total number working in these villages) and 2,741 old men, juveniles and women, 9,311 persons in all. In the Murom Uyezd, Mr. Grigoryev in 1881 registered 6 industrial volosts, 66 villages, 1,545 households and 2,205 male workers (39% of the total number working in these villages). Not only were large, non-agricultural industrial villages formed (Pavlovo, Vorsma), but even the surrounding peasants were diverted from agriculture: outside of Pavlovo and Vorsma, in Gorbatov Uyezd, 4,492 persons were engaged in industries, of whom 2,357, or more than half did not engage in agriculture. Life in centres like Pavlovo has become quite urban and has given rise to incomparably more developed requirements, more cultured environment, clothes, manner of life, etc., than among the surrounding “raw” peasants.* * See above regarding the greater literacy of the population of Pavlovo and Vorsma and the migration of peasants from the villages to these centres.
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
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26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
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28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
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32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
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34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
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40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
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42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
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44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
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46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
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48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
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52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
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54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
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56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
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58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
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60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
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62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
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64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
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66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
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68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
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70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
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72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
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76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
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78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
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80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
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82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
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84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
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86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
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94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
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96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
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98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
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100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
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114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
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118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
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120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
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124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
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200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
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202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
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206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
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212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
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236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
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238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
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254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
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300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
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306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
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310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
Page 382 and 383: 364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
Page 384 and 385: 366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
Page 386 and 387: 368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
Page 388 and 389: 370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
Page 390 and 391: 372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
Page 392 and 393: 374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
Page 394 and 395: 376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
Page 396 and 397: 378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
Page 398 and 399: 380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
Page 400 and 401: 382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
Page 402 and 403: 384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
Page 404 and 405: 386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
Page 406 and 407: 388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
Page 408 and 409: 390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
Page 410 and 411: 392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
Page 412 and 413: 394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
Page 414 and 415: 396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
Page 416 and 417: 398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
Page 418 and 419: 400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
Page 420 and 421: 402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
Page 422 and 423: 404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
Page 424 and 425: 406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
Page 426 and 427: 408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
Page 428 and 429: 410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
Page 430 and 431: 412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
Page 434 and 435: 416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
Page 436 and 437: 418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
Page 438 and 439: 420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
Page 440 and 441: 422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
Page 442 and 443: 424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
Page 444 and 445: 426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
Page 446 and 447: 428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
Page 448 and 449: 430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
Page 450 and 451: 432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
Page 452 and 453: 434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
Page 454 and 455: 436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
Page 456 and 457: 438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
Page 458 and 459: 440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
Page 460 and 461: 442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
Page 462 and 463: 444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465: 446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
Page 466 and 467: 448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 468 and 469: 450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
Page 470 and 471: 452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473: 454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475: 456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477: 458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
Page 478 and 479: 460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481: 462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483:
464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485:
466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
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468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
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470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
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472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493:
474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
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476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
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478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499:
480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501:
482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
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484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505:
486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507:
488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
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490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
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492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
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494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 514 and 515:
496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
Page 516 and 517:
498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
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502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
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504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
Page 524 and 525:
506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
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508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
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510 Largest factories in European R
Page 530:
512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
Page 534 and 535:
516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
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518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
Page 538 and 539:
520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541:
522 Leading centres of factory indu
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524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
Page 544 and 545:
526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547:
528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
Page 548 and 549:
530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
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532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
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534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555:
536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
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538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
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542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
Page 562 and 563:
544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
Page 564 and 565:
546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
Page 568 and 569:
550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
Page 570 and 571:
552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
Page 574 and 575:
556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
Page 584 and 585:
566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587:
568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
Page 588 and 589:
570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
Page 590 and 591:
572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
Page 594 and 595:
576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
Page 596 and 597:
578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
Page 598 and 599:
580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
Page 602 and 603:
584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
Page 604 and 605:
586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
Page 606 and 607:
588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609:
590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
Page 610 and 611:
592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
Page 612 and 613:
594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
Page 616 and 617:
598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
Page 618 and 619:
600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 620 and 621:
No. of industry Name of industry To
Page 622 and 623:
600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 624 and 625:
602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
Page 626 and 627:
604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
Page 633 and 634:
611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
Page 639 and 640:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
Page 645 and 646:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
Page 662 and 663:
640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
Page 664 and 665:
642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
Page 670 and 671:
648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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