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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA<br />

305<br />

and industrial settlements* and also along the railways; and<br />

thirdly, in certain villages, scattered throughout Russia<br />

and famous for their vegetables.** It should be observed that<br />

there is a demand for this type <strong>of</strong> produce not only among<br />

the industrial, but also among the agricultural population:<br />

let us recall that the budgets <strong>of</strong> the Voronezh peasants show<br />

a per-capita expenditure on vegetables <strong>of</strong> 47 kopeks, more<br />

than half <strong>of</strong> this expenditure being on purchased produce.<br />

To acquaint ourselves with the social and economic relations<br />

that arise in this type <strong>of</strong> commercial agriculture we<br />

must turn <strong>to</strong> the data <strong>of</strong> local investigations in the<br />

particularly developed vegetable-growing areas. Near<br />

St. Petersburg, for example, frame and hot-house vegetable<br />

growing is widely developed, having been introduced by<br />

migra<strong>to</strong>ry vegetable growers from Ros<strong>to</strong>v. The number <strong>of</strong><br />

frames owned by big growers runs in<strong>to</strong> thousands, and by<br />

medium growers, in<strong>to</strong> hundreds. “Some <strong>of</strong> the big vegetable<br />

growers supply tens <strong>of</strong> thousands <strong>of</strong> poods <strong>of</strong> pickled cabbage<br />

<strong>to</strong> the army.”*** According <strong>to</strong> Zemstvo statistics in Petersburg<br />

Uyezd 474 households <strong>of</strong> the local population are<br />

engaged in vegetable growing (about 400 rubles income per<br />

household) and 230 in fruit growing. Capitalist relations are<br />

very extensively developed both in the form <strong>of</strong> merchant’s<br />

capital (the industry is “ruthlessly exploited by pr<strong>of</strong>iteers”)<br />

and in the form <strong>of</strong> hiring workers. Among the immigrant<br />

population, for example, there are 115 master vegetable<br />

growers (with an income <strong>of</strong> over 3,000 rubles each)<br />

and 711 worker vegetable growers (with an income <strong>of</strong> 116<br />

rubles each.)****<br />

* See examples <strong>of</strong> settlements <strong>of</strong> this type in Chapters VI<br />

and VII.<br />

** See references <strong>to</strong> such villages <strong>of</strong> the Vyatka, Kostroma,<br />

Vladimir, Tver, Moscow, Kaluga, Penza, Nizhni-Novgorod and many<br />

other gubernias, <strong>to</strong> say nothing <strong>of</strong> Yaroslavl Gubernia, in His<strong>to</strong>rico-<br />

Statistical Survey, 1, p. 13 and foll., and in Productive Forces, IV,<br />

38 and foll. Cf. also Zemstvo statistical returns for Semyonov, Nizhni-<br />

Novgorod and Balakhna uyezds <strong>of</strong> Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia.<br />

*** Productive Forces, IV, 42.<br />

**** Material for Statistics on the Economy in St. Petersburg<br />

Gubernia, <strong>Vol</strong>. V. Actually there are far more vegetable growers<br />

than stated in the text, for most <strong>of</strong> them have been classed under<br />

private-landowner farming, whereas the data cited refer only <strong>to</strong><br />

peasant farming.

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