Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricultural machinery, due partly to the abolition, in 1881, of the duty-free import of pig-iron and cast-iron for the needs of factories producing agricultural machinery. The third period extended from 1885 to the beginning of the 90s. Agricultural machinery, hitherto imported duty-free, now had an import duty imposed (of 50 kopeks gold per pood) . The high duty caused an enormous drop in machinery imports, while home production developed slowly owing to the agricultural crisis which set in at that time. Finally, the beginning of the 90s evidently saw the opening of a fourth period, marked by a fresh rise in the import of agricultural machinery, and by a particularly rapid increase of its home production. Let us cite statistics to illustrate these points. Average annual imports of agricultural machinery at various periods were as follows: Periods Thousand Thousand poodsrubles 1869-1872 259.4 787.9 1873-1876 566.3 2,283.9 1877-1880 629.5 3,593.7 1881-1884 961.8 6,318 1885-1888 399.5 2,032 1889-1892 509.2 2,596 1893-1896 864.8 4,868 There are, unfortunately, no such complete and precise data on the production of agricultural machinery and implements in Russia. The unsatisfactory state of our factoryand-works statistics, the confusing of the production of machinery in general with the production of specifically agricultural machinery, and the absence of any firmly established rules for distinguishing between “factory” and “handicraft” production of agricultural machinery—all this prevents a complete picture of the development of agricultural machinery production in Russia being obtained. Combining all the data available from the above-mentioned sources, we get the following picture of the development of agricultural machinery production in Russia:
Year THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA Production, imports and employment of agricultural machinery and implements In Kingdom of Poland In 3 Baltic gubernias In 4 southern steppe gubernias: Don, Ekaterinoslav, Taurida, Kherson In the remaining gubernias of European Russia Total in 50 gubernias of European Russia and in Kingdom of Poland T h o u s a n d s o f r u b l e s Imports of agricultural machinery Employment of agricultural machinery 1876 646 415 280 988 2,329 1,628 3,957 1879 1,088 433 557 1,752 3,830 4,000 7,830 1890 498 217 2,360 1,971 5,046 2,519 7,565 1894 381 314 6,183 2,567 9,445 5,194 14,639 221 These data show the vigorousness of the process in which primitive agricultural implements are giving way to improved ones (and, consequently, primitive forms of farming to capitalism). In 18 years the employment of agricultural machinery increased more than 3.5-fold, and this was mainly because of the expansion of home production, which more than quadrupled. Noteworthy, too, was the shifting of the main centre of such production from the Vistula and Baltic gubernias to the south-Russian steppe gubernias. Whereas in the 70s the main centre of agricultural capitalism in Russia was the western outer gubernias, in the 1890s still more outstanding areas of agricultural capitalism were created in the purely Russian gubernias.* It is necessary to add, regarding the data just cited, that although they are based on official (and, as far as we know, the only) information on the subject under examination, they are far from complete and are not fully comparable for the different years. For the years 1876-1879 returns are available that were specially compiled for the 1882 exhibition; they are the most comprehensive, covering not only “factory” * To make possible a judgement of the way the situation has changed in recent years, we quote data from the Yearbook of Russia (published by Central Statistical Committee, St. Petersburg, 1906), for 1900-1903. The value of the output of agricultural machinery in the Empire is estimated at 12,058,000 rubles, and of imports in 1902 at 15,240,000 rubles, and in 1903 at 20,615,000 rubles. (Note to 2nd edition.)
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
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26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
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28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
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32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
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34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
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40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
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42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
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44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
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46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
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48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
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52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
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54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
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56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
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58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
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60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
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62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
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64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
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66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
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68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
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70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
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72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
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76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
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78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
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80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
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82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
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84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
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86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
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94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
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96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
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98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
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100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
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114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
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118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
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120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
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124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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Page 210 and 211: 192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
Page 212 and 213: 194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
Page 214 and 215: 196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
Page 216 and 217: 198 V. I. LENIN Having established
Page 218 and 219: 200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
Page 220 and 221: 202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
Page 222 and 223: 204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
Page 224 and 225: 206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
Page 226 and 227: 208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
Page 228 and 229: 210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
Page 230 and 231: 212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
Page 232 and 233: 214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
Page 234 and 235: 216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
Page 236 and 237: 218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
Page 240 and 241: 222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
Page 242 and 243: 224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
Page 244 and 245: 226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
Page 246 and 247: 228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
Page 248 and 249: 230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
Page 250 and 251: 232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
Page 252 and 253: 234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
Page 254 and 255: 236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
Page 256 and 257: 238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
Page 258 and 259: 240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
Page 260 and 261: 242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
Page 262 and 263: 244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
Page 264 and 265: 246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
Page 266 and 267: 248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
Page 268 and 269: 250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
Page 270 and 271: 252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
Page 272 and 273: 254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
Page 274 and 275: 256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
Page 276 and 277: 258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
Page 278 and 279: 260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
Page 280 and 281: 262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
Page 282 and 283: 264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
Page 284 and 285: 266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
Page 286 and 287: 268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
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300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
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306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
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310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
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366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
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370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
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372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
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374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
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376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
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382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
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384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
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388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
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392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
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398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
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400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
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402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
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406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
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408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
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410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
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412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
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414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
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416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
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418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
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420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
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422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
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424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
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426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
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428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
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430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
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432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
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434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
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438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
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440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
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442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
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444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
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446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
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448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
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450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
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452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
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454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
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456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
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458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
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460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
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462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
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464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
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466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
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468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
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470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
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472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
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474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
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476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
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478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
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480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
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482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
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484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
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486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
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488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
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490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
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492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
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494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
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496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
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498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
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502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
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504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
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506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
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508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
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510 Largest factories in European R
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512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
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516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
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518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
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520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
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522 Leading centres of factory indu
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524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
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526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
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528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
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530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
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532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
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534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
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536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
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538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
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542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
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544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
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546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
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550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
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556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
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566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
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568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
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570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
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572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
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576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
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578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
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580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
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584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
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586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
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588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609:
590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
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592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
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594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
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596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
Page 616 and 617:
598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
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640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
Page 664 and 665:
642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
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648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
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652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
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654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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