Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

222
V. I. LENIN
but also “handicraft” production of agricultural implements;
it was estimated that in 1876-1879 there were, on the
average, 340 establishments in European Russia and the
Kingdom of Poland, whereas according to “factory” statistical
data there were in 1879 not more than 66 factories
in European Russia producing agricultural machinery
and implements (computed from Orlov’s Directory of Factories
and Works for 1879). The enormous difference in these
figures is explained by the fact that of the 340 establishments
less than one-third (100) were counted as possessing steam
power, and more than half (196) as being operated by hand
labour; 236 establishments of the 340 had no foundries of
their own and had their castings made outside (Historico-
Statistical Survey, loc. cit.). The data for 1890 and 1894,
on the other hand, are from Collections of Data on Factory
Industry in Russia (published by Department of Commerce
and Industry).* These data do not fully cover even the
“factory” production of agricultural machinery and implements;
for example, in 1890, according to the Collection,
there were in European Russia 149 works engaged in this
industry, whereas Orlov’s Directory mentions more than
163 works producing agricultural machinery and implements;
in 1894, according to the first-mentioned returns, there were
in European Russia 164 works of this kind (Vestnik Finansov,
1897, No. 21, p. 544), but according to the List of Factories
and Works there were in 1894-95 over 173 factories producing
agricultural machinery and implements. As for the smallscale,
“handicraft” production of agricultural machinery and
implements, this is not included in these data at all.** That
* In the Vestnik Finansov, No. 21, for 1897, comparative data
are given for 1888-1894, but their source is not given specifically.
** The total number of workshops engaged in the manufacture
and repair of agricultural implements was given for 1864 as 64; for
1871 as 112; for 1874 as 203; for 1879 as 340; for 1885 as 435; for 1892
as 400; and for 1895 as approximately 400 (Agriculture and Forestry
in Russia, p. 358, and Vestnik Finansov, 1896, No. 51). The Collections,
on the other hand, estimated that in 1888-1894 there were only from
157 to 217 factories of this kind (average of 183 for the 7 years). Here
is an example illustrating the ratio of “factory” production of agricultural
machinery to “handicraft” production: it was estimated that
in Perm Gubernia in 1894 there were only 4 “factories,” with a combined
output of 28,000 rubles, whereas for this branch of industry
the 1894-95 census showed 94 “handicraft establishments,” with a