Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of which more or less detailed information is available. We get 97 industries employing 107,957 persons, with an output totalling 21,151,000 rubles. Of these, industries in which wage-labour and capitalist domestic industry predominate employ 70,204 persons (18,621,000 rubles); industries in which wage-workers and workers occupied at home for capitalists constitute only a minority employ 26,935 persons (1,706,000 rubles); and, finally, industries in which independent labour almost completely predominates employ 10,818 persons (824,000 rubles). According to Zemstvo statistical materials regarding 7 industries of Gorbatov and Semyonov uyezds of Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia, there are 16,303 handicraftsmen, of whom 4,614 work for the local market; 8,520 work “for a master,” and 3,169 as wage-workers; in other words, 11,689 are capitalistically employed workers. According to the returns of the 1894-95 Perm handicraft census, of 26,000 handicraftsmen, 6,500 (25%) are wage-workers, and 5,200 (20%) work for buyers-up, in other words, 45% are capitalistically employed workers.* Fragmentary as the data are (no others were available), they nevertheless clearly show that, taken as a whole, a mass of capitalistically employed workers are classified among the “handicraftsmen.” For instance, those working at home for capitalists number (according to the above-quoted data) over 200,000. And this is for some 50 or 60 uyezds, by no means all of which have been investigated thoroughly. For the whole of Russia the number of workers of this type must be something like two million.** If to these are added * See Studies, pp. 181-182. The figures for “handicraftsmen” here include artisans (25%). If we exclude the artisans, we get 29.3% wage-workers and 29.5% working for buyers-up (p. 122), i.e., 58.8% are capitalistically employed workers. (See present edition, Vol. 2, The Handicraft Census of 1894-95 in Perm Gubernia.—Ed.) ** For example, capitalist work in the home is particularly developed in the ready-made clothing industry, which is growing rapidly. “The demand for such an article of prime necessity as readymade clothing is increasing from year to year” (Vestnik Finansov, 1897 No. 52, Survey of Nizhni-Novgorod Fair). The enormous development of this industry has taken place only since the 80s. At the present time, in Moscow alone ready-made clothing is produced to a total value of not less than 16 million rubles, with some 20,000 workers employed. It is estimated that for the whole of Russia the
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA FROM MARX TO MAO 451 the wage-workers employed by “handicraftsmen”—and, as may be seen from the above-quoted figures, their number is by no means as small as is sometimes thought here in Russia—we shall have to concede that the figure of 2 million industrial workers capitalistically employed outside the so-called “factories and works” is, if anything, a minimum figure.* To the question—“What is handicraft industry?”—the data quoted in the last two chapters compel us to give the answer that the term used is absolutely unsuitable for purposes of scientific investigation, and is one usually employed to cover all and sundry forms of industry, from domestic industries and handicrafts to wage-labour in very large manufactories.** This lumping together of the most �⋆ diverse types of economic organisation, which prevails in a host of descriptions of “handicraft industries,”*** was output reaches the sum of 100 million rubles (Successes of Russian Industry According to Surveys of Expert Commissions, St. Petersburg, 1897, pp. 136-137). In St. Petersburg, the 1890 census gave the number employed in ready-made clothing (Group XI, Classes 116-118) as 39,912, counting members of industrialists families, including 19,000 workers, and 13,000 one-man producers with their families (St. Petersburg According to the Census of December 15, 1890). The 1897 census shows that the total number of persons employed in the clothing industry in Russia was 1,158,865, the members of their families numbering 1,621,511; total 2,780,376. (Note to 2nd edition.) * Let us recall that the number of “handicraftsmen” in Russia is estimated at no less than 4 million (Mr. Kharizomenov’s figure Mr. Andreyev gave the figure of 72 million, but his methods are too sweeping) 147 ; consequently, the total figures given in the text cover NOT FOR COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION about one-tenth of the total number of “handicraftsmen.” ** Cf. Studies, p. 179 and foll. (See present edition, Vol, 2, The Handicraft Census of 1894-95 in Perm Gubernia.—Ed.) *** The desire to retain the term “handicraftsmanship” for the purpose of scientifically defining forms of industry has led in our publications to purely scholastic arguments about, and definitions of, this “handicraftsmanship.” One economist “understood” handicraftsmen to mean only commodity-producers, while another included artisans in this term; one considered connection with the land as an essential feature, while another allowed for exceptions; one excluded wage-labour, while another allowed for it where, for example, there were up to 16 workers, etc., etc. It goes without saying that arguments of this sort (instead of investigation of the different forms of industry) could lead nowhere. Let us observe that the tenacity of the special term “handicraftsmanship” is to be explained most of all by the social-estate divisions in Russian society; a “handicrafts-
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
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26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
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28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
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32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
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34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
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40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
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42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
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44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
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46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
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48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
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52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
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54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
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56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
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58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
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60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
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62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
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64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
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66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
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68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
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70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
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72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
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76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
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78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
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80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
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82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
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84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
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86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
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94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
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96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
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98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
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100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
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114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
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118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
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120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
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124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
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200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
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202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
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206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
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212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
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236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
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238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
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254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
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300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
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306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
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310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
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366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
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370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
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372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
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374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
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376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
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382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
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384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
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388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
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392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
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398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
Page 418 and 419: 400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
Page 420 and 421: 402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
Page 422 and 423: 404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
Page 424 and 425: 406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
Page 426 and 427: 408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
Page 428 and 429: 410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
Page 430 and 431: 412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
Page 432 and 433: 414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
Page 434 and 435: 416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
Page 436 and 437: 418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
Page 438 and 439: 420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
Page 440 and 441: 422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
Page 442 and 443: 424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
Page 444 and 445: 426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
Page 446 and 447: 428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
Page 448 and 449: 430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
Page 450 and 451: 432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
Page 452 and 453: 434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
Page 454 and 455: 436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
Page 456 and 457: 438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
Page 458 and 459: 440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
Page 460 and 461: 442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
Page 462 and 463: 444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465: 446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
Page 466 and 467: 448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 470 and 471: 452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473: 454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475: 456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477: 458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
Page 478 and 479: 460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481: 462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483: 464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485: 466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
Page 486 and 487: 468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
Page 488 and 489: 470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
Page 490 and 491: 472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493: 474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
Page 494 and 495: 476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
Page 496 and 497: 478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499: 480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501: 482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
Page 502 and 503: 484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505: 486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507: 488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
Page 508 and 509: 490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
Page 510 and 511: 492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
Page 512 and 513: 494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 514 and 515: 496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
Page 516 and 517: 498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
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502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
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504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
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506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
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508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
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510 Largest factories in European R
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512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
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516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
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518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
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520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
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522 Leading centres of factory indu
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524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
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526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
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528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
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530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
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532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
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534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
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536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
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538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
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542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
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544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
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546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
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550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
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556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
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566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587:
568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
Page 588 and 589:
570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
Page 590 and 591:
572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
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576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
Page 596 and 597:
578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
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580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
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584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
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586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
Page 606 and 607:
588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609:
590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
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592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
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594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
Page 616 and 617:
598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 624 and 625:
602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
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640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
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642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
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644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
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648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
show all

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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