Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

More documents

Recommendations

Info

504 V. I. LENIN the best of years just barely manages to make ends meet, but the principal means of livelihood of this group is “independent” (supposedly independent, of course) smallscale farming. Finally, the top group consists of the wellto-do small peasant farmers, who exploit more or less considerable numbers of allotment-holding farm labourers and day labourers and all sorts of wage-labourers in general. These groups constitute approximately 50%, 30% and 20% respectively of the total. Above we invariably took the share of each group in the total number of households or farms. Now we shall take them as a proportion of the population. This change effects an increase in the bottom group and a decrease in the top one. But this, undoubtedly, is precisely the change that has taken place in Russia in the past decade, as is proved incontrovertibly by the decline in horse-ownership and by the ruin of the peasantry, the growth of poverty and unemployment in the rural districts, etc. That is to say, among the agricultural population we have about 48.5 million proletarians and semi-proletarians; about 29.1 million poor small peasant farmers and their families, and about 19.4 million of the population on the well-to-do small farms. Now the question is how to distribute the commercial and industrial and the unproductive population. The latter group contains sections of the population who obviously belong to the big bourgeoisie: all the rentiers (“living on income from capital and real estate”—first subdivision of group 14 in our statistics: 900,000), then part of the bourgeois intelligentsia, the high military and civil officials, etc. Altogether, these will number about 12 million. At the opposite pole of this group of unproductive population are the lower ranks of the army, navy, gendarmerie and police (about 1.3 million), domestics and numerous servants (about 2 million altogether), nearly 2 million beggars, tramps, etc., etc. Here we can only roughly distribute the groups that most closely approximate to the main economic types: about 2 million will go to the proletarian and semi-proletarian population (partly lumpen-proletarians), about 1.9 million to the poor small proprietors, and about
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA 505 1.5 million to the well-to-do small proprietors, including the bulk of the clerks, managerial personnel, bourgeois intellectuals, etc. Lastly, among the commercial and industrial population the largest section is undoubtedly the proletariat, and the gulf is widest between the proletariat and the big bourgeoisie. But the census returns supply no data as to the distribution of this section of the population into employers, one-man producers, workers, etc. We have no alternative but to take as a model the above-quoted data on the industrial population of St. Petersburg, classified according to position in production. On the basis of these data we may roughly assign about 7% to the big bourgeoisie, 10% to the well-to-do petty bourgeoisie, 22% to the poor small proprietors and 61% to the proletariat. In Russia as a whole, small production in industry is, of course, much more tenacious than it is in St. Petersburg, but then we do not assign to the semi-proletarian population the mass of one-man producers and handicraftsmen who work in their homes for masters. Hence, on the whole, the proportions taken will in all probability not differ very much from what they actually are. For the commercial and industrial population we shall then get about 1.5 million big bourgeoisie, about 2.2 million well-to-do, about 4.8 million needy small producers, and about 13.2 million belonging to the proletarian and semi-proletarian strata of the population. By combining the agricultural, commercial and industrial, and unproductive sections of the population, we shall get the following approximate distribution of the entire population of Russia according to class status: Total population, both sexes Big bourgeoisie, landlords, high offiials, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . about 3.0 million Well-to-do small proprietors . . . . . ” 23.1 ” Poor small proprietors . . . . . . . . ” 35.8 ” Proletarians* and semi-proletarians . . ” 63.7 ” Total . . . . . . . ” 125.6 million * These number not less than 22 million. See further on.
Page 5:
W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
Page 8 and 9:
ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
Page 13:
PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
Page 16 and 17:
10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
Page 18 and 19:
12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
Page 20 and 21:
14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
Page 22 and 23:
16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
Page 24 and 25:
18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
Page 27:
Written in 1896-99. First printed i
Page 32 and 33:
26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
Page 34:
28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
Page 38 and 39:
32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
Page 40:
34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
Page 44 and 45:
38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
Page 46 and 47:
40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
Page 48 and 49:
42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
Page 50 and 51:
44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
Page 52 and 53:
46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
Page 54 and 55:
48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
Page 56 and 57:
50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
Page 58 and 59:
52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
Page 60 and 61:
54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
Page 62 and 63:
56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
Page 64 and 65:
58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
Page 66 and 67:
60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
Page 68 and 69:
62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
Page 70 and 71:
64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
Page 72 and 73:
66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
Page 74 and 75:
68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
Page 76 and 77:
70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
Page 78 and 79:
72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
Page 80 and 81:
74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
Page 82 and 83:
76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
Page 84 and 85:
78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
Page 86 and 87:
80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
Page 88 and 89:
82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
Page 90 and 91:
84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
Page 92 and 93:
86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
Page 94 and 95:
88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
Page 96 and 97:
90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
Page 98 and 99:
92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
Page 100 and 101:
94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
Page 102 and 103:
96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
Page 104 and 105:
98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
Page 106 and 107:
100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
Page 108 and 109:
102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
Page 110 and 111:
104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
Page 112 and 113:
106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
Page 114 and 115:
108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
Page 116 and 117:
110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
Page 118 and 119:
112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
Page 120 and 121:
114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
Page 122 and 123:
116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
Page 124 and 125:
118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
Page 126 and 127:
120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
Page 128 and 129:
122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
Page 130 and 131:
124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
Page 132 and 133:
126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
Page 134 and 135:
128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
Page 139 and 140:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 175:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205:
Page 210 and 211:
192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
Page 212 and 213:
194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
Page 214 and 215:
196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
Page 216 and 217:
198 V. I. LENIN Having established
Page 218 and 219:
200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
Page 220 and 221:
202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
Page 222 and 223:
204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
Page 224 and 225:
206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
Page 226 and 227:
208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
Page 228 and 229:
210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
Page 230 and 231:
212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
Page 232 and 233:
214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
Page 234 and 235:
216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
Page 236 and 237:
218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
Page 238 and 239:
220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
Page 240 and 241:
222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
Page 242 and 243:
224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
Page 244 and 245:
226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
Page 246 and 247:
228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
Page 248 and 249:
230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
Page 250 and 251:
232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
Page 252 and 253:
234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
Page 254 and 255:
236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
Page 256 and 257:
238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
Page 258 and 259:
240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
Page 260 and 261:
242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
Page 262 and 263:
244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
Page 264 and 265:
246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
Page 266 and 267:
248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
Page 268 and 269:
250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
Page 270 and 271:
252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
Page 272 and 273:
254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
Page 274 and 275:
256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
Page 276 and 277:
258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
Page 278 and 279:
260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
Page 280 and 281:
262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
Page 282 and 283:
264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
Page 284 and 285:
266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
Page 286 and 287:
268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
Page 288 and 289:
270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
Page 290 and 291:
272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
Page 292 and 293:
274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
Page 294 and 295:
276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
Page 296 and 297:
278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
Page 298 and 299:
280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
Page 300 and 301:
282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
Page 302 and 303:
284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
Page 304 and 305:
286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
Page 306 and 307:
288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
Page 308 and 309:
290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
Page 310 and 311:
292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
Page 312 and 313:
294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
Page 314 and 315:
296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
Page 316 and 317:
298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
Page 318 and 319:
300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
Page 320 and 321:
302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
Page 322 and 323:
304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
Page 324 and 325:
306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
Page 326 and 327:
308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
Page 328 and 329:
310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
Page 330 and 331:
312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
Page 332 and 333:
314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
Page 334 and 335:
316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
Page 336 and 337:
318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
Page 338 and 339:
320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
Page 340 and 341:
322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
Page 342 and 343:
324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
Page 344 and 345:
326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
Page 346 and 347:
328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
Page 348 and 349:
330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
Page 350 and 351:
332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
Page 352 and 353:
334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
Page 354 and 355:
336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
Page 356 and 357:
338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
Page 358 and 359:
340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
Page 360 and 361:
342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
Page 362 and 363:
344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
Page 364 and 365:
346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
Page 366 and 367:
348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
Page 368 and 369:
Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
Page 370 and 371:
352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
Page 372 and 373:
354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
Page 374 and 375:
356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
Page 376 and 377:
358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
Page 378 and 379:
360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
Page 380 and 381:
362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
Page 382 and 383:
364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
Page 384 and 385:
366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
Page 386 and 387:
368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
Page 388 and 389:
370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
Page 390 and 391:
372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
Page 392 and 393:
374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
Page 394 and 395:
376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
Page 396 and 397:
378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
Page 398 and 399:
380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
Page 400 and 401:
382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
Page 402 and 403:
384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
Page 404 and 405:
386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
Page 406 and 407:
388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
Page 408 and 409:
390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
Page 410 and 411:
392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
Page 412 and 413:
394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
Page 414 and 415:
396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
Page 416 and 417:
398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
Page 418 and 419:
400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
Page 420 and 421:
402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
Page 422 and 423:
404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
Page 424 and 425:
406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
Page 426 and 427:
408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
Page 428 and 429:
410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
Page 430 and 431:
412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
Page 432 and 433:
414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
Page 434 and 435:
416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
Page 436 and 437:
418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
Page 438 and 439:
420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
Page 440 and 441:
422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
Page 442 and 443:
424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
Page 444 and 445:
426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
Page 446 and 447:
428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
Page 448 and 449:
430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
Page 450 and 451:
432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
Page 452 and 453:
434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
Page 454 and 455:
436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
Page 456 and 457:
438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
Page 458 and 459:
440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
Page 460 and 461:
442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
Page 462 and 463:
444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465:
446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
Page 466 and 467:
448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 468 and 469:
450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
Page 470 and 471:
452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473: 454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475: 456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477: 458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
Page 478 and 479: 460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481: 462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483: 464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485: 466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
Page 486 and 487: 468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
Page 488 and 489: 470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
Page 490 and 491: 472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493: 474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
Page 494 and 495: 476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
Page 496 and 497: 478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499: 480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501: 482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
Page 502 and 503: 484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505: 486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507: 488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
Page 508 and 509: 490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
Page 510 and 511: 492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
Page 512 and 513: 494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 514 and 515: 496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
Page 516 and 517: 498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
Page 518 and 519: 500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
Page 520 and 521: 502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
Page 524 and 525: 506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
Page 526 and 527: 508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
Page 528 and 529: 510 Largest factories in European R
Page 530: 512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
Page 534 and 535: 516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
Page 536 and 537: 518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
Page 538 and 539: 520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541: 522 Leading centres of factory indu
Page 542 and 543: 524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
Page 544 and 545: 526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547: 528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
Page 548 and 549: 530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
Page 550 and 551: 532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
Page 552 and 553: 534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555: 536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
Page 556 and 557: 538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
Page 558 and 559: 540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
Page 560 and 561: 542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
Page 562 and 563: 544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
Page 564 and 565: 546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
Page 566 and 567: 548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
Page 568 and 569: 550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
Page 570 and 571: 552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
Page 572 and 573:
554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
Page 574 and 575:
556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
Page 576:
558 Population of European No. of t
Page 580 and 581:
562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
Page 582 and 583:
564 Population (thousands) Urban %
Page 584 and 585:
566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587:
568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
Page 588 and 589:
570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
Page 590 and 591:
572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
Page 592 and 593:
574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
Page 594 and 595:
576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
Page 596 and 597:
578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
Page 598 and 599:
580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
Page 600 and 601:
582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
Page 602 and 603:
584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
Page 604 and 605:
586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
Page 606 and 607:
588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609:
590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
Page 610 and 611:
592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
Page 612 and 613:
594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
Page 616 and 617:
598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
Page 618 and 619:
600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 620 and 621:
No. of industry Name of industry To
Page 622 and 623:
600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 624 and 625:
602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
Page 626 and 627:
604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 628 and 629:
606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
Page 633 and 634:
611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
Page 635 and 636:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
Page 637 and 638:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
Page 639 and 640:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
Page 641 and 642:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
Page 643 and 644:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
Page 645 and 646:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
Page 647 and 648:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
Page 649 and 650:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
Page 651 and 652:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
Page 653 and 654:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
Page 655:
N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
Page 662 and 663:
640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
Page 664 and 665:
642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
Page 670 and 671:
648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
show all

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?