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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA<br />

have a share <strong>of</strong> communal land; actually, these are day<br />

labourers, ploughmen, shepherds, reapers and similar workers<br />

on big farms who cultivate 2 <strong>to</strong> 1 dessiatine <strong>of</strong> their<br />

own allotments so as <strong>to</strong> feed their families who remain<br />

at home” (pp. 57-58).<br />

Thus, the investiga<strong>to</strong>rs regard as proletarians not only the<br />

horseless peasants, but also those who have one horse. We<br />

note this important conclusion, which fully coincides with<br />

that <strong>of</strong> Mr. Postnikov (and with the data in the classified<br />

tables) and points <strong>to</strong> the real social-economic significance <strong>of</strong><br />

the bot<strong>to</strong>m group <strong>of</strong> the peasantry.<br />

III. ZEMSTVO STATISTICS FOR SARATOV GUBERNIA<br />

We now pass <strong>to</strong> the central black-earth belt, <strong>to</strong> Sara<strong>to</strong>v<br />

Gubernia. We take Kamyshin Uyezd, the only one for which<br />

a fairly complete classification <strong>of</strong> the peasants according <strong>to</strong><br />

draught animals held is available.*<br />

Here are the data for the whole uyezd (40,157 households,<br />

263,135 persons <strong>of</strong> both sexes. Area under crops, 435,945<br />

dessiatines, i.e., 10.8 dessiatines per “average” household):<br />

Groups <strong>of</strong><br />

householders<br />

% <strong>of</strong> households<br />

With no draught<br />

animals . . 26.4 17.6 1.1 2.8 72.3 0.6 2.9<br />

{<br />

% <strong>of</strong> population,<br />

both sexes<br />

Average area under<br />

crops (dess.)<br />

% <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>tal area<br />

under crops<br />

% <strong>of</strong> households<br />

with no land<br />

under crops<br />

Animals (in terms<br />

<strong>of</strong> large cattle)<br />

per household<br />

” 1 draught 46.7 12.3 11.8<br />

animal . . 20.3 15.9 5.0 9.5 13.1 2.3 8.9<br />

” 2 draught<br />

animals . . 14.6 13.8 8.8 11.8 4.9 4.1 11.1<br />

” 3 draught<br />

animals . . 9.3 32.2 10.3 12.1 10.5 34.4 1.5 5.7 9.8 32.1<br />

” 4 draught<br />

animals . . 8.3 10.4 15.8 12.1 0.6 7.4 11.2<br />

” 5 and more<br />

draught animals<br />

. . 21.1 21.1 32.0 27.6 53.3 53.3 0.2 14.6 56.1 56.1<br />

Total . . . 100 100 10.8 100 22.7 5.2 100<br />

* For the other four uyezds <strong>of</strong> this gubernia the classification<br />

according <strong>to</strong> draught animals held merges the middle and well-<strong>to</strong>-do<br />

peasantry. See Combined Statistical Returns for Sara<strong>to</strong>v Gubernia,<br />

Part I, Sara<strong>to</strong>v, 1888. B. Combined Tables for Sara<strong>to</strong>v Gubernia<br />

{<br />

% <strong>of</strong> <strong>to</strong>tal animals<br />

{<br />

{<br />

93<br />

{

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