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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA<br />

475<br />

furnishing and carpentry, bast-matting, and pitch and<br />

tar—the fac<strong>to</strong>ry statistics relating <strong>to</strong> them are distinguished<br />

for their particularly chaotic condition. The small<br />

establishments so numerous in these trades were formerly<br />

included among the “fac<strong>to</strong>ries” in numbers fixed arbitrarily,<br />

and the same is sometimes done even <strong>to</strong>day.*<br />

3) C h e m i c a l, L i v e s t o c k - P r o d u c t<br />

a n d C e r a m i c I n d u s t r i e s<br />

The statistics on the chemical industry proper are distinguished<br />

for their relative reliability. The following returns<br />

show its growth: in 1857 chemical products were consumed<br />

in Russia <strong>to</strong> a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 14 million rubles (3.4 million<br />

rubles home produced and 10.6 million rubles imported);<br />

in 1880, <strong>to</strong> a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 364 million rubles (72 million rubles<br />

home produced and 28w imported); and in 1890, <strong>to</strong><br />

a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 42.7 million rubles (16.1 million rubles home<br />

produced and 26.6 imported).** These data are particularly<br />

interesting because the chemical industries are extremely<br />

important as producers <strong>of</strong> auxiliary materials for large-scale<br />

machine industry, i.e., articles <strong>of</strong> productive (and not personal)<br />

consumption. As <strong>to</strong> potash and saltpetre production,<br />

let us remark that the number <strong>of</strong> fac<strong>to</strong>ries given is unreliable,<br />

again due <strong>to</strong> the inclusion <strong>of</strong> small establishments.***<br />

* Thus in 1879, <strong>of</strong> 91 bast-matting fac<strong>to</strong>ries 39 had an output<br />

<strong>of</strong> less than 1,000 rubles each (Cf. Studies, p. 155). [See present edition<br />

<strong>Vol</strong>. 2, The Handicraft Census <strong>of</strong> 1894-95 in Perm Gubernia.—<br />

Ed.] In the pitch-and-tar trade for 1890 there were computed 140<br />

fac<strong>to</strong>ries, all with an output exceeding 2,000 rubles; for 1879, 1,033<br />

were computed, <strong>of</strong> which 911 had an output <strong>of</strong> less than 2,000 rubles;<br />

for 1866 the number listed was 669 (for the Empire), while the Military<br />

Statistical Abstract even gave the figure <strong>of</strong> 3,164!! (Cf. Studies, pp.<br />

156 and 271.) [See present edition, <strong>Vol</strong>. 2, The Handicraft Census<br />

<strong>of</strong> 1894-95 in Perm Gubernia, and <strong>Vol</strong>. 4, “On the Question <strong>of</strong> Our<br />

Fac<strong>to</strong>ry Statistics.—Ed.]<br />

** Military Statistical Abstract, His<strong>to</strong>rico-Statistical Survey<br />

and Productive Forces, IX, 16.—The number <strong>of</strong> workers in 1866—<br />

5,645; in 1890—25,471; in 1875-1878—38 mechanised establishments,<br />

with 34 steam-engines <strong>to</strong> a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 332 h.p.; and in 1890—141<br />

mechanised establishments, with 208 steam-engines <strong>to</strong> a <strong>to</strong>tal <strong>of</strong> 3,319 h.p.<br />

*** Cf. Direc<strong>to</strong>ry for 1879 and 1890 about potash production.<br />

The production <strong>of</strong> saltpetre is now concentrated in one fac<strong>to</strong>ry in St.<br />

Petersburg, whereas in the 60s and 70s saltpetre was obtained from<br />

burti (dungheaps).

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