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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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392<br />

V. I. LENIN<br />

in boots, hats, socks, etc.), and as <strong>to</strong> individual operations<br />

(for example, the whole village <strong>of</strong> Vasilyev Vrag<br />

shapes hats and socks for the village <strong>of</strong> Krasnoye, where the<br />

semi-prepared article is finished, etc.). This is capitalist<br />

co-operation, for it is headed by big capital, which has<br />

created large manufac<strong>to</strong>ries and has brought under its sway<br />

(by an intricate web <strong>of</strong> economic relations) a mass <strong>of</strong> small<br />

establishments. The overwhelming majority <strong>of</strong> the producers<br />

have been transformed in<strong>to</strong> workers performing one<br />

operation and producing for entrepreneurs under extremely<br />

insanitary conditions.* The long standing <strong>of</strong> the<br />

industry and the fully established capitalist relations result<br />

in the separation <strong>of</strong> the industrialists from agriculture:<br />

in the village <strong>of</strong> Krasnoye agriculture is in utter ruin,<br />

and the life <strong>of</strong> the inhabitants differs from that <strong>of</strong> the<br />

agricultural population.**<br />

Quite analogous is the organisation <strong>of</strong> the felt industry<br />

in a number <strong>of</strong> other districts. In 363 village communities<br />

<strong>of</strong> Semyonov Uyezd in the same gubernia, the industry in<br />

1889 was carried on by 3,180 households, with 4,038 persons<br />

working. Of 3,946 workers, only 752 worked for the<br />

market, 576 were wage-workers and 2,618 worked for<br />

masters on the basis, in greater part, <strong>of</strong> using the latter’s<br />

materials; 189 households gave out work <strong>to</strong> 1,805 households.<br />

The big owners have workshops with as many as 25 wage-<br />

establishments completely under their sway—in a word, capitalist<br />

co-operation based on division <strong>of</strong> labour and hand production. Nonagricultural<br />

centres are formed by manufacture in exactly the same<br />

way, not only here, but also in the majority <strong>of</strong> other industries.<br />

* They are naked as they work in a temperature <strong>of</strong> 22° <strong>to</strong> 24°<br />

Réaumur. The air is full <strong>of</strong> fine and also coarse dust, wool and other<br />

stuff. The floors in the “fac<strong>to</strong>ries” are earthen (in the washing sheds<br />

<strong>of</strong> all places), etc.<br />

** It is not without interest <strong>to</strong> note here the specific jargon <strong>of</strong><br />

the inhabitants <strong>of</strong> Krasnoye; this is characteristic <strong>of</strong> the terri<strong>to</strong>rial<br />

isolation peculiar <strong>to</strong> manufacture. “In the village <strong>of</strong> Krasnoye<br />

fac<strong>to</strong>ries are given the Matroisk name <strong>of</strong> povarnyas (lit. kitchens—Ed.)....<br />

Matroisk is one <strong>of</strong> the numerous branches <strong>of</strong> the Ophen dialect, the<br />

three main branches <strong>of</strong> which are Ophen proper, spoken mainly in<br />

Vladimir Gubernia; Galivon, in Kostroma Gubernia; and Matroisk,<br />

in the Nizhni-Novgorod and Vladimir gubernias” (Transactions <strong>of</strong><br />

the Handicraft Commission, V, p 465). Only large-scale machine<br />

industry completely destroys the local character <strong>of</strong> social ties and<br />

replaces them by national (and international) ties.

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