Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do peasantry are far better supplied with implements than the poor and even the middle peasantry. It is sufficient to glance at this table to see how totally fictitious are the “average” figures which people are so fond of bringing into play when they talk of the “peasantry”. The commercial cultivation of the peasant bourgeoisie is accompanied here by commercial livestock farming, namely, the breeding of coarse-wool sheep. Regarding implements, we shall quote in addition figures for improved implements, which we have taken from Zemstvo statistical returns.* Out of the total reaping and mowing machines (3,061), 2,841, or 92.8%, belong to the peasant bourgeoisie (5 of the total households). It is quite natural that the well-to-do peasantry also employ a farming technique much above the average (larger size of farm, more plentiful supply of implements, available financial resources, etc.); that is to say, the well-to-do peasants “do their sowing faster, make better use of favourable weather, sow the seed in more humid soil,” and reap their harvest in proper time; they thresh their grain as it is carted in from the field, etc. It is also natural that the expenditure on the production of agricultural produce diminishes (per unit of product) as the size of the farm increases. Mr. Postnikov proves this proposition in particular detail, using the following system of calculation: he determines the number of people working (including hired labourers), the number of draught animals, implements, etc., per 100 dessiatines of crop area in the various groups of the peasantry. It is proved that these numbers diminish as the size of the farm increases. For example, those cultivating under 5 dessiatines have per 100 dessiatines of allotment land 28 people working, 28 draught animals, 4.7 ploughs and scarifiers, and 10 carts, whereas those cultivating over 50 dessiatines have 7 people working, 14 draught animals, 3.8 ploughs and scarifiers, and 4.3 carts. (We omit more detailed data for all groups, referring those interested in the details to Mr. Postnikov’s book.) The author’s general * Statistical Returns for Melitopol Uyezd, Simferopol, 1885 (Statistical Returns for Taurida Gubernia, Vol. I), 44 —Statistical Returns for Dnieper Uyezd, Vol. II, Simferopol, 1886.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA conclusion is: “With the increase in the size of the farm and in the area cultivated by the peasant, the expenditure on the maintenance of labour-power, human and animal, that prime item of expenditure in agriculture, progressively decreases, and, among the groups that cultivate large areas, drops to nearly one half per dessiatine under crops of the expenditure among the groups with small cultivated areas” (op. cit., p. 117). To this law of the greater productivity and, hence, of the greater stability of the big peasant farms Mr. Postnikov quite rightly attaches great importance, proving it with very detailed data not only for Novorossia alone, but also for the central gubernias of Russia.* The further the penetration of commodity production into crop cultivation, and, consequently, the keener the competition among the agriculturists, the struggle for land and for economic independence, the more vigorously must this law be manifested, a law which leads to the ousting of the middle and poor peasants by the peasant bourgeoisie. It must, however, be noted that technical progress in agriculture expresses itself in different ways, depending on the system of agriculture, on the system of field cultivation. Whereas in the case of grain growing and extensive cultivation this progress may find expression in a mere expansion of the crop area * “Zemstvo statistics prove incontrovertibly that the larger the scale of the peasant farm, the smaller the number of implements, workers, and draught animals employed on a given tillage area” (op. cit., p. 162). It is interesting to note how this law is reflected in Mr. V. V.’s arguments. In the above-quoted article (Vestnik Yevropy, 1884, No. 7) he makes the following comparison: In the central black-earth belt there are 5-7-8 dess. of arable per peasant horse, whereas “according to the rules of three-field crop rotation” there should be 7-10 dess. (Batalin’s Calendar). “Consequently, the decline in horse-ownership by part of the population of this area of Russia must to a certain extent be regarded as the restoration of the normal proportion between the number of draught animals and the area to be cultivated” (p. 346 in the article mentioned). Thus the ruin of the peasantry leads to progress in agriculture. Had Mr. V. V. paid attention not only to the agronomic but also to the social-economic aspect of this process he could have seen that this is the progress of capitalist agriculture, for “the restoration of the normal proportion” between draught animals and arable is achieved either by landlords who acquire their own implements, or by big peasant crop growers, i.e., by the peasant bourgeoisie. 75
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
Page 32 and 33: 26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
Page 34: 28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
Page 38 and 39: 32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
Page 40: 34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
Page 44 and 45: 38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
Page 46 and 47: 40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
Page 48 and 49: 42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
Page 50 and 51: 44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
Page 52 and 53: 46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
Page 54 and 55: 48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
Page 56 and 57: 50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
Page 58 and 59: 52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
Page 60 and 61: 54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
Page 62 and 63: 56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
Page 64 and 65: 58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
Page 66 and 67: 60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
Page 68 and 69: 62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
Page 70 and 71: 64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
Page 72 and 73: 66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
Page 74 and 75: 68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
Page 76 and 77: 70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
Page 78 and 79: 72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
Page 82 and 83: 76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
Page 84 and 85: 78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
Page 86 and 87: 80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
Page 88 and 89: 82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
Page 90 and 91: 84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
Page 92 and 93: 86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
Page 94 and 95: 88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
Page 96 and 97: 90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
Page 98 and 99: 92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
Page 100 and 101: 94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
Page 102 and 103: 96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
Page 104 and 105: 98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
Page 106 and 107: 100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
Page 108 and 109: 102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
Page 110 and 111: 104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
Page 112 and 113: 106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
Page 114 and 115: 108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
Page 116 and 117: 110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
Page 118 and 119: 112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
Page 120 and 121: 114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
Page 122 and 123: 116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
Page 124 and 125: 118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
Page 126 and 127: 120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
Page 128 and 129: 122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
Page 130 and 131:
124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
Page 134 and 135:
128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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Page 210 and 211:
192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
Page 214 and 215:
196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
Page 216 and 217:
198 V. I. LENIN Having established
Page 218 and 219:
200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
Page 220 and 221:
202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
Page 222 and 223:
204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
Page 224 and 225:
206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
Page 226 and 227:
208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
Page 228 and 229:
210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
Page 230 and 231:
212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
Page 232 and 233:
214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
Page 236 and 237:
218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
Page 238 and 239:
220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
Page 240 and 241:
222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
Page 242 and 243:
224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
Page 244 and 245:
226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
Page 246 and 247:
228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
Page 252 and 253:
234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
Page 254 and 255:
236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
Page 256 and 257:
238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
Page 258 and 259:
240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
Page 260 and 261:
242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
Page 262 and 263:
244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
Page 266 and 267:
248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
Page 268 and 269:
250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
Page 270 and 271:
252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
Page 272 and 273:
254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
Page 274 and 275:
256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
Page 280 and 281:
262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
Page 294 and 295:
276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
Page 316 and 317:
298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
Page 318 and 319:
300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
Page 324 and 325:
306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
Page 328 and 329:
310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
Page 330 and 331:
312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
Page 332 and 333:
314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
Page 334 and 335:
316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
Page 378 and 379:
360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
Page 380 and 381:
362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
Page 384 and 385:
366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
Page 388 and 389:
370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
Page 390 and 391:
372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
Page 392 and 393:
374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
Page 394 and 395:
376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
Page 400 and 401:
382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
Page 402 and 403:
384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
Page 406 and 407:
388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
Page 410 and 411:
392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
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398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
Page 418 and 419:
400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
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402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
Page 424 and 425:
406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
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408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
Page 428 and 429:
410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
Page 430 and 431:
412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
Page 432 and 433:
414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
Page 434 and 435:
416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
Page 436 and 437:
418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
Page 438 and 439:
420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
Page 440 and 441:
422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
Page 442 and 443:
424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
Page 444 and 445:
426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
Page 446 and 447:
428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
Page 448 and 449:
430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
Page 450 and 451:
432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
Page 452 and 453:
434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
Page 456 and 457:
438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
Page 458 and 459:
440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
Page 460 and 461:
442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
Page 462 and 463:
444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465:
446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
Page 466 and 467:
448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 468 and 469:
450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
Page 470 and 471:
452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473:
454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475:
456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477:
458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
Page 478 and 479:
460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481:
462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483:
464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485:
466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
Page 486 and 487:
468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
Page 488 and 489:
470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
Page 490 and 491:
472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493:
474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
Page 494 and 495:
476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
Page 496 and 497:
478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499:
480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501:
482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
Page 502 and 503:
484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505:
486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507:
488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
Page 508 and 509:
490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
Page 510 and 511:
492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
Page 512 and 513:
494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 514 and 515:
496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
Page 516 and 517:
498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
Page 518 and 519:
500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
Page 520 and 521:
502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
Page 522 and 523:
504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
Page 524 and 525:
506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
Page 526 and 527:
508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
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510 Largest factories in European R
Page 530:
512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
Page 534 and 535:
516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
Page 536 and 537:
518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
Page 538 and 539:
520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541:
522 Leading centres of factory indu
Page 542 and 543:
524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
Page 544 and 545:
526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547:
528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
Page 548 and 549:
530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
Page 550 and 551:
532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
Page 552 and 553:
534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555:
536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
Page 556 and 557:
538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
Page 560 and 561:
542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
Page 562 and 563:
544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
Page 564 and 565:
546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
Page 566 and 567:
548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
Page 568 and 569:
550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
Page 570 and 571:
552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
Page 572 and 573:
554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
Page 574 and 575:
556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
Page 576:
558 Population of European No. of t
Page 580 and 581:
562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
Page 582 and 583:
564 Population (thousands) Urban %
Page 584 and 585:
566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587:
568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
Page 588 and 589:
570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
Page 590 and 591:
572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
Page 592 and 593:
574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
Page 594 and 595:
576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
Page 596 and 597:
578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
Page 598 and 599:
580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
Page 600 and 601:
582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
Page 602 and 603:
584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
Page 604 and 605:
586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
Page 606 and 607:
588 Average wages for 10 years (188
Page 608 and 609:
590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
Page 610 and 611:
592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
Page 612 and 613:
594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
Page 616 and 617:
598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
Page 618 and 619:
600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 620 and 621:
No. of industry Name of industry To
Page 622 and 623:
600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
Page 624 and 625:
602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
Page 626 and 627:
604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 628 and 629:
606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
Page 633 and 634:
611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
Page 635 and 636:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
Page 639 and 640:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
Page 643 and 644:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
Page 645 and 646:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
Page 647 and 648:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
Page 649 and 650:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
Page 651 and 652:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
Page 653 and 654:
UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
Page 658 and 659:
636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
Page 662 and 663:
640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
Page 664 and 665:
642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
Page 670 and 671:
648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
show all

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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