Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s total product Adam Smith excluded capital, asserting that it resolves itself into wages, profit and rent, i.e., into (net) revenue; but in the gross revenue of society he includes capital, separating it from articles of consumption (= net revenue). This is the contradiction in which Marx catches Adam Smith: how can there be capital in the revenue if there was no capital in the product? (Cf. Das Kapital, II, S. 355.) 24 Without noticing it himself, Adam Smith here recognises three component parts in the value of the total product: not only variable capital and surplusvalue, but also constant capital. Further on, Adam Smith comes up against another very important difference, one of enormous significance in the theory of realisation. “The whole expense of maintaining the fixed capital,” he says, “must evidently be excluded from the neat revenue of the society. Neither the materials necessary for supporting their useful machines and instruments of trade, their profitable buildings, etc., nor the produce of the labor necessary for fashioning those materials into the proper form, can ever make any part of it. The price of that labor may indeed make a part of it; as the workmen so employed may place the whole value of their wages in their stock reserved for immediate consumption.” But in other kinds of labour, both the “price” (of labour) “and the produce” (of labour) “go to this stock, the price to that of the workmen, the produce to that of other people” (A. Smith, ibid.). Here we find a gleam of recognition of the need to distinguish two kinds of labour: one that produces articles of consumption which may enter into the “neat revenue,” and another which produces “useful machines and instruments of trade . . . buildings, etc.,” i.e., articles that can never be used for personal consumption. From this it is only one step to the admission that an explanation of realisation absolutely requires that two forms of consumption be distinguished: personal and productive (= putting back into production). It was the rectification of these two mistakes made by Smith (the omission of constant capital from the value of the product, and the confusing of personal with productive consumption) that enabled Marx to build up his brilliant theory of the realisation of the social product in capitalist society. As for the other economists, those between Adam Smith
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA and Marx, they all repeated Adam Smith’s error* and for that reason did not advance one step. Of the confusion that consequently reigns in the theories of revenue we shall speak later. In the controversy as to the possibility of a general overproduction of commodities that was waged by Ricardo, Say, Mill and others, on the one hand, and by Malthus, Sismondi, Chalmers, Kirchmann and others, on the other, both sides adhered to Smith’s erroneous theory, and consequently, as Mr. S. Bulgakov justly remarks, “in view of the false premises and the wrong formulation of the problem itself, these controversies could only lead to empty and scholastic wordspinning” (loc. cit., p. 21. See an account of this wordspinning in Tugan-Baranovsky’s Industrial Crises, etc., St. Petersburg, 1894, pp. 377-404). VI. MARX’S THEORY OF REALISATION It follows automatically from what has been said that the fundamental premises on which Marx’s theory is based are the following two propositions. The first is that the total product of a capitalist country, like the individual product, consists of the following three parts: 1) constant capital, 2) variable capital, and 3) surplus-value. To those who are familiar with the analysis of the process of production of capital given in Vol. I of Marx’s Capital this proposition is self-evident. The second proposition is that two major departments of capitalist production must be distinguished, namely (Department I), the production of means of production—of articles which serve for productive consumption, i.e., are to be put back into production, articles which are consumed, not by people, but by capital; and (Department II) the production of articles of consumption, i.e., of articles used for personal consumption. “There is more theoretical meaning in this division alone than in all the preceding * For example, Ricardo asserted that “the whole produce of the land and labour of every country is divided into three portions: of these, one portion is devoted to wages another to profits, and the other to rent” (Works, Sieber’s translation, St. Petersburg, 1882, p. 221. 51
Page 5: W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
Page 8 and 9: ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
Page 13: PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
Page 16 and 17: 10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
Page 18 and 19: 12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
Page 20 and 21: 14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
Page 22 and 23: 16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
Page 24 and 25: 18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
Page 27: Written in 1896-99. First printed i
Page 32 and 33: 26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
Page 34: 28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
Page 38 and 39: 32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
Page 40: 34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
Page 44 and 45: 38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
Page 46 and 47: 40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
Page 48 and 49: 42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
Page 50 and 51: 44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
Page 52 and 53: 46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
Page 54 and 55: 48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
Page 58 and 59: 52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
Page 60 and 61: 54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
Page 62 and 63: 56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
Page 64 and 65: 58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
Page 66 and 67: 60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
Page 68 and 69: 62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
Page 70 and 71: 64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
Page 72 and 73: 66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
Page 74 and 75: 68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
Page 76 and 77: 70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
Page 78 and 79: 72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
Page 80 and 81: 74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
Page 82 and 83: 76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
Page 84 and 85: 78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
Page 86 and 87: 80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
Page 88 and 89: 82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
Page 90 and 91: 84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
Page 92 and 93: 86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
Page 94 and 95: 88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
Page 96 and 97: 90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
Page 98 and 99: 92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
Page 100 and 101: 94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
Page 102 and 103: 96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
Page 104 and 105: 98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
Page 106 and 107:
100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
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102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
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104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
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106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
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108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
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110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
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112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
Page 120 and 121:
114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
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116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
Page 124 and 125:
118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
Page 126 and 127:
120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
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122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
Page 130 and 131:
124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
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126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
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128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
Page 139 and 140:
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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Page 143 and 144:
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Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
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Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
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Page 179 and 180:
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Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
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Page 203 and 204:
Page 205:
Page 210 and 211:
192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
Page 218 and 219:
200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
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202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
Page 224 and 225:
206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
Page 230 and 231:
212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
Page 254 and 255:
236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
Page 256 and 257:
238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
Page 272 and 273:
254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
Page 298 and 299:
280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
Page 300 and 301:
282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
Page 318 and 319:
300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
Page 320 and 321:
302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
Page 324 and 325:
306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
Page 328 and 329:
310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
Page 358 and 359:
340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
Page 360 and 361:
342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
Page 364 and 365:
346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
Page 376 and 377:
358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
Page 384 and 385:
366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
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370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
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372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
Page 392 and 393:
374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
Page 394 and 395:
376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
Page 400 and 401:
382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
Page 402 and 403:
384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
Page 404 and 405:
386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
Page 406 and 407:
388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
Page 408 and 409:
390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
Page 410 and 411:
392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
Page 412 and 413:
394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
Page 414 and 415:
396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
Page 416 and 417:
398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
Page 418 and 419:
400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
Page 420 and 421:
402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
Page 424 and 425:
406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
Page 426 and 427:
408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
Page 428 and 429:
410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
Page 430 and 431:
412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
Page 432 and 433:
414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
Page 434 and 435:
416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
Page 436 and 437:
418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
Page 438 and 439:
420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
Page 440 and 441:
422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
Page 442 and 443:
424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
Page 444 and 445:
426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
Page 446 and 447:
428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
Page 448 and 449:
430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
Page 450 and 451:
432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
Page 452 and 453:
434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
Page 456 and 457:
438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
Page 458 and 459:
440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
Page 460 and 461:
442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
Page 462 and 463:
444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
Page 464 and 465:
446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
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448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
Page 468 and 469:
450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
Page 470 and 471:
452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
Page 472 and 473:
454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
Page 474 and 475:
456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
Page 476 and 477:
458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
Page 478 and 479:
460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
Page 480 and 481:
462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
Page 482 and 483:
464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
Page 484 and 485:
466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
Page 486 and 487:
468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
Page 488 and 489:
470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
Page 490 and 491:
472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
Page 492 and 493:
474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
Page 494 and 495:
476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
Page 496 and 497:
478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
Page 498 and 499:
480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
Page 500 and 501:
482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
Page 502 and 503:
484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
Page 504 and 505:
486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
Page 506 and 507:
488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
Page 508 and 509:
490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
Page 510 and 511:
492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
Page 512 and 513:
494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
Page 514 and 515:
496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
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498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
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502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
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504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
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506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
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508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
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510 Largest factories in European R
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512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
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516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
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518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
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520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
Page 540 and 541:
522 Leading centres of factory indu
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524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
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526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
Page 546 and 547:
528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
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530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
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532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
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534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555:
536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
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538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
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542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
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544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
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546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
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550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
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556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
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566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
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568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
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570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
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572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
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576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
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578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
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580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
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584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
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586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
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588 Average wages for 10 years (188
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590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
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592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
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594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
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598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
Page 630 and 631:
Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
Page 655:
N O T E S
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636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
Page 660 and 661:
638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
Page 662 and 663:
640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
Page 664 and 665:
642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
Page 670 and 671:
648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
Page 672 and 673:
650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
Page 674 and 675:
652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
Page 676 and 677:
654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
Page 678 and 679:
656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
show all

Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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