Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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140 V. I. LENIN Let us now compare the degree of peasant differentiation in the different localities. In the chart two types of localities stand out very clearly in this regard: in Taurida, Samara, Saratov and Perm gubernias the differentiation of the agricultural peasantry is markedly more intense than in Orel, Voronezh and Nizhni-Novgorod gubernias. The curves of the first four gubernias in the run below the red average line, while those of the last three gubernias run above the average, i.e., show a smaller concentration of farming in the hands of the well-to-do minority. The localities of the first type are the most land-abundant and strictly agricultural (in Perm Gubernia the agricultural parts of the uyezds have been singled out), with extensive farming. With farming of this character the differentiation of the agricultural peasantry is easily noted and therefore clearly visible. Conversely, in the localities of the second type we see, on the one hand, a development of commercial agriculture such as is not noted in our data; for example, the sowing of hemp in Orel Gubernia. On the other hand, we see the tremendous significance of “industries,” both in the sense of work for hire (Zadonsk Uyezd, Voronezh Gubernia) and in the sense of non-agricultural occupations (Nizhni-Novgorod Gubernia). The significance of both these circumstances for the question of the differentiation of the agricultural peasantry is enormous. Of the former (the different forms of commercial agriculture and agricultural progress in the different localities) we have already spoken. The significance of the latter (the role of the “industries”) is no less obvious. If in a given locality the bulk of the peasants are allotment-holding farm labourers, day labourers or wage-workers in industries, the differentiation of the agricultural peasantry will, of course, be marked very feebly.* But to get a proper idea of the matter, these typical representatives of the rural proletariat must be compared with typical representatives of the peasant bourgeoisie. The allotment-holding Voronezh day labourer who goes * It is quite possible that in the central black-earth gubernias, like Orel, Voronezh and others, the differentiation of the peasantry is indeed much feebler, because of land-poverty, heavy taxation and the wide prevalence of the labour-service system: all these are circumstances retarding differentiation.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA south in search of odd jobs must be compared with the Taurida peasant who cultivates huge tracts of land. The Kaluga, Nizhni-Novgorod and Yaroslavl carpenter must be compared with the Yaroslavl or Moscow vegetable grower or peasant who keeps cows to sell the milk, etc. Similarly, if the bulk of the peasants in a locality are engaged in the manufacturing industries, their allotments providing them with only a small part of their means of livelihood, the data on the differentiation of the agricultural peasantry must be supplemented with data on the differentiation of those who engage in industries. In Chapter V we shall deal with this latter question; at the moment we are concerned only with the differentiation of the typically agricultural peasantry. X. SUMMARY OF ZEMSTVO STATISTICS AND ARMY-HORSE CENSUS RETURNS 52 We have shown that the relation of the top to the bottom group of the peasantry bears the very features that characterise the relation of the rural bourgeoisie to the rural proletariat; that these relationships are remarkably similar in the most varied localities with the most varied conditions; that even their numerical expression (i.e., percentages of the groups in the total area under crops, number of animals, etc.) fluctuates within limits that, comparatively speaking, are very small. The question naturally arises: how far can these data on the relationships between the groups in the different localities be utilised for forming an idea of the groups into which the entire Russian peasantry is divided? In other words, what returns can enable us to judge the composition of, and the interrelation between, the top and the bottom groups of the entire Russian peasantry? There are very few of these returns, for no agricultural censuses are taken in Russia that register all the cropraising farms in the country. The only material by which we can judge into which economic groups our peasantry is divided is the combined Zemstvo statistics and the armyhorse census returns showing the distribution of draught animals (or horses) among the peasant households. Meagre 141
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W O R K E R S O F A L L C O U N T R
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ИНCTИTУT МАРKCИзМА —Л
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PUBLISHER’S NOTE The present Engl
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10 CONTENTS V. The Views of Adam Sm
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12 CONTENTS workers and peasants 16
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14 CONTENTS 1) Distilling . . . . .
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16 CONTENTS 8) The Metal Trades. Th
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18 CONTENTS II. The Growth of the C
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Written in 1896-99. First printed i
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26 V. I. LENIN indicated the topic
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28 V. I. LENIN as the Germans say (
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32 V. I. LENIN as the phenomenon ex
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34 V. I. LENIN according to the fir
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38 V. I. LENIN kinds of raw materia
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40 V. I. LENIN II. THE GROWTH OF TH
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42 V. I. LENIN fact of the ruin of
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44 V. I. LENIN capitalist developme
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46 V. I. LENIN or the role of the f
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48 V. I. LENIN total of commodities
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50 V. I. LENIN the country’s tota
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52 V. I. LENIN controversies over t
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54 V. I. LENIN Narodnik economists
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56 V. I. LENIN of consumption, but
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58 V. I. LENIN (III, 2, 21. Russ. t
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60 V. I. LENIN brings our Narodniks
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62 V. I. LENIN of this subject a si
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64 V. I. LENIN gross income. But ev
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66 V. I. LENIN reproduction of soci
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68 V. I. LENIN from simple commodit
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70 C H A P T E R II THE DIFFERENTIA
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72 V. I. LENIN Mr. Postnikov employ
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74 V. I. LENIN Thus the well-to-do
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76 V. I. LENIN and reduction of the
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78 Groups of households V. I. LENIN
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80 V. I. LENIN the peasant bourgeoi
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82 V. I. LENIN statistical returns.
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84 V. I. LENIN No. of Dess. per ren
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86 V. I. LENIN of the Germans and t
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88 V. I. LENIN . . . plough it agai
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90 V. I. LENIN we get the following
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92 V. I. LENIN to the complete adap
Page 100 and 101: 94 V. I. LENIN Thus, here again we
Page 102 and 103: 96 V. I. LENIN household returns on
Page 104 and 105: 98 V. I. LENIN prevents the underst
Page 106 and 107: 100 V. I. LENIN the distribution of
Page 108 and 109: 102 V. I. LENIN Hence, we see every
Page 110 and 111: 104 V. I. LENIN tov statisticians d
Page 112 and 113: 106 V. I. LENIN IV. ZEMSTVO STATIST
Page 114 and 115: 108 V. I. LENIN Let us pass to the
Page 116 and 117: 110 V. I. LENIN between the groups
Page 118 and 119: 112 V. I. LENIN We see also how pro
Page 120 and 121: 114 V. I. LENIN especially of allot
Page 122 and 123: 116 V. I. LENIN families, combining
Page 124 and 125: 118 V. I. LENIN see what sort of in
Page 126 and 127: 120 V. I. LENIN Here too, consequen
Page 128 and 129: 122 V. I. LENIN average rye yield g
Page 130 and 131: 124 V. I. LENIN Gubernias there is
Page 132 and 133: 126 V. I. LENIN Comment is superflu
Page 134 and 135: 128 V. I. LENIN so, we have to spli
Page 139 and 140: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
Page 149: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
Page 157 and 158: ING TABLES A & B E Z D S O R G R O
Page 173 and 174: Groups buildings THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 175: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
Page 181 and 182: Groups Rye flour (meras) THE DEVELO
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN RU
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192 V. I. LENIN labour was separate
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194 V. I. LENIN immediately after t
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196 V. I. LENIN tion not only of al
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198 V. I. LENIN Having established
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200 V. I. LENIN corvée economy,* a
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202 V. I. LENIN a direct comparison
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204 V. I. LENIN has undertaken to d
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206 V. I. LENIN fulfilment of which
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208 V. I. LENIN unsuitable for the
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210 V. I. LENIN out the gubernia. .
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212 V. I. LENIN between landlord an
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214 V. I. LENIN “Only then is acc
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216 V. I. LENIN very outset, along
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218 V. I. LENIN aspects of agricult
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220 V. I. LENIN imports of agricult
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222 V. I. LENIN but also “handicr
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224 V. I. LENIN drawn up at a lando
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226 V. I. LENIN published by the Ps
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228 V. I. LENIN According to the re
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230 V. I. LENIN service by capitali
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232 V. I. LENIN to 70 workers, of w
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234 V. I. LENIN themselves without
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236 V. I. LENIN measures that devel
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238 V. I. LENIN migrate embraces Be
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240 V. I. LENIN existence of such a
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242 V. I. LENIN some one and a half
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244 V. I. LENIN North Caucasus, of
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246 V. I. LENIN “don’t know day
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248 V. I. LENIN precarious its exis
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250 V. I. LENIN “rowdy habits,”
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252 C H A P T E R IV THE GROWTH OF
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254 V. I. LENIN noteworthy is the f
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256 V. I. LENIN But before examinin
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258 V. I. LENIN have quickly increa
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260 V. I. LENIN 39.5% seasonal, and
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262 V. I. LENIN produce of this sor
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264 V. I. LENIN This table clearly
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266 V. I. LENIN 240,000 rubles in 1
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268 V. I. LENIN add here that the a
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270 V. I. LENIN but generic (res fu
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272 V. I. LENIN material for judgin
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274 V. I. LENIN a ruinously cheap p
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276 Groups of households V. I. LENI
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278 V. I. LENIN more profitable, bu
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280 V. I. LENIN in Three Volosts of
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282 V. I. LENIN farming and the det
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284 V. I. LENIN has assumed the cle
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286 V. I. LENIN operated).* “Toda
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288 V. I. LENIN industry of capital
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290 V. I. LENIN etc.* The area of t
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292 V. I. LENIN 1860-1864 was 4.1 m
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294 V. I. LENIN supports the opinio
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296 V. I. LENIN estimated at 130, e
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298 V. I. LENIN autumn (“from end
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300 V. I. LENIN Survey, Vol. II,
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302 V. I. LENIN Almost half the are
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304 V. I. LENIN VIII. INDUSTRIAL VE
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306 V. I. LENIN The peasant vegetab
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308 V. I. LENIN (1897, No. 16) on
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310 V. I. LENIN mation effected in
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312 V. I. LENIN different areas, bu
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314 V. I. LENIN Secondly, agricultu
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316 V. I. LENIN community by the di
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318 V. I. LENIN we do not in the le
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320 V. I. LENIN of the soil, etc.*
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322 V. I. LENIN discusses the diffe
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324 V. I. LENIN how divergent their
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326 V. I. LENIN especially emphasis
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328 V. I. LENIN proposition of the
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330 V. I. LENIN capitalism: fortuna
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332 V. I. LENIN of articles to the
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334 V. I. LENIN labour does not app
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336 V. I. LENIN definite circle of
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338 V. I. LENIN III. THE GROWTH OF
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340 V. I. LENIN we note the growth
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342 V. I. LENIN Similarly, the Perm
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344 V. I. LENIN a peasant bourgeois
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346 V. I. LENIN resort to the hire
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348 V. I. LENIN Let us now examine
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Percentages CHART OF SUMMARIZED DAT
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352 V. I. LENIN ing majority of the
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354 V. I. LENIN establishments in 7
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356 V. I. LENIN V. CAPITALIST SIMPL
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358 V. I. LENIN take it easy somewh
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360 V. I. LENIN there; it is necess
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362 V. I. LENIN and those of petty
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364 V. I. LENIN I suggested that th
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366 V. I. LENIN bigger tradeswomen.
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368 V. I. LENIN chant’s capital i
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370 V. I. LENIN prosperous peasants
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372 V. I. LENIN that is why their f
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374 V. I. LENIN workers; workroom o
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376 V. I. LENIN namely, that even t
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378 V. I. LENIN it is not the profi
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380 V. I. LENIN and one of the most
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382 V. I. LENIN a similar kind: som
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384 C H A P T E R VI CAPITALIST MAN
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386 V. I. LENIN production, regardi
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388 V. I. LENIN Let us illustrate t
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390 V. I. LENIN whole business is r
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392 V. I. LENIN in boots, hats, soc
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394 V. I. LENIN in 18 establishment
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396 V. I. LENIN for nearly 200 year
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398 V. I. LENIN on the job extensiv
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400 V. I. LENIN diverting the popul
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402 V. I. LENIN decisive advantage
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404 V. I. LENIN erable commercial a
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406 V. I. LENIN of Viyezdnaya Slobo
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408 V. I. LENIN far back as the fir
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410 V. I. LENIN The industry is a v
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412 V. I. LENIN the workers, he lec
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414 V. I. LENIN that despite the en
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416 V. I. LENIN Turning to the econ
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418 V. I. LENIN least surprising if
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420 V. I. LENIN People have to work
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422 V. I. LENIN 10) T h e J e w e l
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424 V. I. LENIN predominates,” an
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426 V. I. LENIN a fraction of capit
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428 V. I. LENIN personal dependence
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430 V. I. LENIN in the post-Reform
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432 V. I. LENIN veniences of commun
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434 V. I. LENIN the West the manufa
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436 V. I. LENIN on the other hand,
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438 V. I. LENIN friends in misfortu
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440 V. I. LENIN special sorts of pr
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442 V. I. LENIN period, however, of
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444 V. I. LENIN the average daily e
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446 V. I. LENIN application of capi
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448 V. I. LENIN we described in Cha
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450 V. I. LENIN the organisation of
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452 V. I. LENIN taken over quite un
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454 C H A P T E R VII THE DEVELOPME
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456 V. I. LENIN This, largely negat
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458 V. I. LENIN of this obvious exa
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460 V. I. LENIN the data of the Mil
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462 V. I. LENIN establishments with
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464 V. I. LENIN comparable with oth
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466 V. I. LENIN Let us observe, inc
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468 V. I. LENIN data for establishm
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470 V. I. LENIN (Moscow, Grodno, Li
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472 V. I. LENIN together with facto
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474 V. I. LENIN 1890, and of spindl
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476 V. I. LENIN The tallow trade ha
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478 V. I. LENIN 840 workers and an
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480 V. I. LENIN 5,605 and 5,201* (C
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482 V. I. LENIN believes every figu
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484 V. I. LENIN 1. The number of fa
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486 V. I. LENIN countries, where la
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488 V. I. LENIN with the aid of woo
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490 V. I. LENIN see that the develo
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492 V. I. LENIN enormous developmen
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494 V. I. LENIN of 480,800, i.e., l
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496 V. I. LENIN increases. Every ne
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498 V. I. LENIN there were in the s
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500 V. I. LENIN the proportion of
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502 V. I. LENIN Inde- MembersTotal
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504 V. I. LENIN the best of years j
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506 V. I. LENIN We have no doubt th
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508 Steamboilers V. I. LENIN Number
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510 Largest factories in European R
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512 V. I. LENIN increase. But if we
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516 V. I. LENIN In the mining indus
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518 V. I. LENIN Directory for 1879
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520 V. I. LENIN The second type of
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522 Leading centres of factory indu
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524 V. I. LENIN receives a tremendo
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526 V. I. LENIN productive consumpt
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528 V. I. LENIN Regarding Tikhvin U
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530 V. I. LENIN production. In a wo
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532 V. I. LENIN 300 to 500 carpente
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534 V. I. LENIN X. THE APPENDAGE TO
Page 554 and 555:
536 V. I. LENIN example, ready-made
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538 V. I. LENIN F a c t o r i e s a
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540 V. I. LENIN is provided by the
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542 V. I. LENIN growing with enormo
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544 V. I. LENIN In manufacture we s
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546 V. I. LENIN Under manufacture t
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548 V. I. LENIN The settled charact
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550 V. I. LENIN creation of mobilit
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552 C H A P T E R VIII THE FORMATIO
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554 V. I. LENIN The amount of freig
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556 V. I. LENIN The latest statisti
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558 Population of European No. of t
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562 V. I. LENIN 2) T h e S i g n i
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564 Population (thousands) Urban %
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566 V. I. LENIN 3) T h e G r o w t
Page 586 and 587:
568 V. I. LENIN of urban and non-ur
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570 V. I. LENIN Percentage distribu
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572 V. I. LENIN identity cards were
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574 V. I. LENIN permits) into group
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576 V. I. LENIN from 2.1 million ru
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578 V. I. LENIN youth are so eager
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580 V. I. LENIN very disadvantageou
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582 V. I. LENIN that the bottom gro
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584 V. I. LENIN that capitalism is
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586 V. I. LENIN Therefore, only by
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588 Average wages for 10 years (188
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590 V. I. LENIN has been said above
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592 V. I. LENIN well developed capi
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594 V. I. LENIN sian market. Russia
Page 614 and 615:
596 V. I. LENIN preneurs naturally
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598 V. I. LENIN laws of the realisa
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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No. of industry Name of industry To
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600 V. I. LENIN and we have had occ
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602 V. I. LENIN FROM MARX TO MAO
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604 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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606 1879 1890 No. of inhabitants ac
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Total for enumerated 103 centres .
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611 “Jove is wrathful” . . . .
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 613 dispose of
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 615 consumed i
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 617 see that t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 619 of divisio
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 621 not even t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 623 payments w
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 625 developmen
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 627 Finally, t
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 629 which not
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UNCRITICAL CRITICISM 631 Marxism in
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N O T E S
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636 NOTES Lenin’s sister, A. I. U
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638 NOTES 4 5 6 part of The Develop
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640 NOTES 9 10 11 exorbitant price.
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642 NOTES 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2
Page 666 and 667:
644 NOTES 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 i
Page 668 and 669:
646 NOTES 56 57 58 59 60 Handicraft
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648 NOTES 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8
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650 NOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 Russkay
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652 NOTES 105 106 107 108 109 110 1
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654 NOTES 132 133 134 135 136 137 1
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656 NOTES 151 152 153 154 155 156 1
Page 680:
658 NOTES 170 171 172 173 174 175 1
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Collected Works of V. I. Lenin - Vol. 3 - From Marx to Mao

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